EE 3170 Microcontroller Applications
|
|
- Ruby Poole
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EE 3170 Microcontroller Applications Lecture 4 : Processors, Computers, and Controllers (reading assignment), Based on slides for ECE3170 by Profs. Kieckhafer, Davis, Tan, and Cischke Outline Digital System Preliminaries Digital System Definitions Controller Implementations Programmable Control The Instruction Fetch/Execute Cycle More Definitions processor computer micro-what?? EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 1 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 2 Digital System Preliminaries Combinational Logic Functions Combinational Logic Functions Sequential Logic Functions Registers Combinational Logic = any function such that: current values of the output variables depend only on current values of the input variables Properties: there are no internal (or state) variables or memory values of outputs are history-independent Busses Memory Representations: Truth tables Karnaugh Maps Boolean algebraic equations A network of logic gates EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 3 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 4 1
2 Standard Logic Gates Sequential Logic Functions You should already know the truth tables and Boolean equations for each of the following: Sequential Logic = any function such that: current values of the output variables depend on both: current values of the input variables and stored values of state variables Properties: values of the outputs are history-dependent state variables imply storage of previous information Representations: State transition diagrams State transition tables A network of logic gates EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 5 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 6 Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop Registers Function Latches input only on one edge of the CK signal As diagrammed: triggers on rising edge Alternative: trigger on falling edge A collection of flip flops that are clocked as a unit. Together, flip flops remember several binary signals that represent a binary number Gated Registers Clock signal is ANDed with an ENABLE signal Register latches ONLY when permitted by ENABLE Very few registers are unconditionally enabled Problem in fast processors due to clock skew State Transition Table Many FF Variations Exist SR, Toggle (T), JK, D EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 7 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 8 2
3 Busses Memory Bus = a group of one-bit lines (wires) that collectively carry a binary number where each wire transmits one bit of a number generally controlled and operated as a single unit a transfer gate is an AND gate used to pass (or block) a binary signal to another wire (pp.20:figure1-9) Notation: A Memory: a collection of registers made from flip flops One register is accessed at a time, each register is assigned a binary code number (addr) by memory hardware A Memory = a collection of data words such that: each word contains a fixed number of stored bits each word has a unique address (I.D. number) each word can be accessed individually by specifying its address to the memory device Words are typically bytes but not always Alternative Model A memory is an array of fixed-size entries The address is the array index e.g. Mem[8A] specifies the word at address 8A EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 9 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 10 Memory Interfacing Synchronous Sequential Networks N = num. of bits in address = log 2 (num. of words) w = word width = num. of bits in one word A logic network containing sequential devices A circuit made from a CLN and clocked flip-flops E.g., pp.24: figure 1-12 A State-based net with a common global clock signal clock = periodic square wave signal all state changes in state occur on a clock edge State Variables: A set of binary variables defining the current state Stored in a set of state flip-flops all are triggered with the same clock-edge EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 11 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 12 3
4 State Transition Diagram A directed graph defining system behavior Vertices = states edges = allowable state transitions E.g., pp.25: figure1-13 Visually Defines: The set of all states The values of all output variables The allowable state transitions The input variable value (s) which cause each state transition Notation E.g., pp.25: figure 1-13 State = circle labeled with values of state variables transition = vector labeled with input variable value(s) which cause this transition output variable value(s) for the state being left Notation: inputs/outputs Trivial example: D Flip-Flop Two states (0,1) One input variable One output variable EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 13 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 14 Digital System What is meant by Control? Digital System: A system comprising: Combinational Logic Registers: a collection of flip-flops A Synchronous Sequential Controller: CLNs+ flip-flops Analyzes inputs, Sequences the state transitions, Sends control signals to the other components Structure of the controller is the critical feature Hardwired control Programmable (instruction-based) control State Transitions!!! A Microprocessor is a VERY complex FSM Inputs : Current Instruction, Register Contents, System State Outputs : Next State, Address of next instruction, Updated Register Contents How do we go from 1 (very complex) state to the next (also very complex) state State Transition Tables Instruction Sequencing The instruction number tells the control unit which sequence of states to follow EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 15 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 16 4
5 Hardwired Control Programmable Control State Transition Rules are embedded into the controller hardware State machine responds to inputs Function of state machine does not change Small finite number of states Example: serial communication unit (Miller, Fig 1-15) Reading assignment: pp A 16-bit shift register managed by control unit Control Unit responds to a sequence of instructions stored in memory. State machine actions (some require >1 cycle) Fetch an instruction from memory Decode the instruction Execute the instruction Sequence and issue control signals to other components Calculate address of next instruction Microcode (older terminology) or Micro-op approach taken w/ CISC ISA micro s w/ RISC core(s) EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 17 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 18 Control Example (skipped) Digital System Partitioning Control Unit State machine to implement instruction cycle fetch, decode, execute, calc next address Control registers and bussing Memory interface for instructions Data Unit Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) to manipulate data Actual function determined by control signals Data registers and bussing Memory interface for data EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 19 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 20 5
6 Very Simple Example A Few Notes (Skipped) Uses OR gates to share bus access CLN Alternative: Tri-state drivers Each driver has an enable pin IF: enable = 1 THEN: output = input ELSE: output = High-Z state (disconnected) Reading assignment: pp SSN Alternative: Wired-OR bus IF: all outputs to the bus = 0 THEN: bus value = 0 ELSE: bus value = 1 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 21 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 22 Instruction Sequencing Fetch an Instruction Steps in the execution of a single instruction May be pipelined or not Read the Program Counter (PC) Special purp. register containing address of instruction Access the memory Send contents of PC to memory on address bus Send read command to memory on control bus Intel P6 Generation (Pentium Pro, Pentium II & Pentium III) have >20 steps Receive the instruction Instruction comes from memory over data bus Store instruction in Instruction Register (IR) EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 23 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 24 6
7 Decode the Instruction Execute the Instruction Interpret the instruction in the IR Instruction will have several functional fields OPCODE: identifies the operation to be executed (Add, Sub, etc) identifies structure of rest of the instruction OTHER STUFF: e.g. Data value(s) IDs of the register(s) containing the data Memory address(es) of the data Generate & sequence control signals to data unit Route data to the ALU Send command signals to the ALU Route data to its destination Implement any memory accesses for data Implement any I/O actions EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 25 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 26 Calculate Address of Next Instruction Usually just increment the Program Counter (PC) Normal sequential flow through the program Exception: a Branch instruction tells the control Unit to alter the next address new address is embedded in the branch instruction controller writes the new address into the PC Decision to alter flow may be data-dependent, e.g. IF: the previous ALU output = 0 THEN: load the new address into the PC ELSE: just increment the old address in the PC EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 27 Instruction Set The set of operations a machine can carry out Each identified w/ a particular instruction code in mem. Instruction set of general purpose computer Load & Store: Load data from mem. Into reg. or store data from a reg. to memory Test & Branch: Make decision based on processor status output Arithmetic: Add, subtract, etc. Logical: Bit-wise AND, OR, complement, etc. Shift: Shift or rotate bits left or right in various ways Input & Output: Transfer data from or to reg. in I/O block EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 28 7
8 So, what exactly is a Processor? So, what exactly is a Computer? Hardware partitioning as previously described Control Unit responds to stored instructions Data Unit responds to control signals ALU + register Executes a list of instructions in sequence Instructions are stored in a memory Can execute branch instructions Especially data-dependent or Conditional Branches One or more processors If just one, called Central Processing Unit (CPU) e.g. 68HC11, 80286, Pentium, Athlon, SPARC, etc A memory system Stores both instructions and data e.g. RAM, ROM, Disks, etc An input/output (I/O) system provides interfaces to the outside world e.g. keyboards, mice, monitors, printers Bussing to link together all the above components EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 29 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 30 General Purpose Computer: Princeton Architecture ALU + register Figure1-18 Stored Program Processor (Princeton/Von Neumann Architecture) EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 31 Building Blocks of General Purpose Computer Processor Arithmetic ALU Addition, subtraction, bit-wise AND/OR, shifts, etc Registers Memory register + addresses for data storing Instruction Codes & Data Input/Output a set of registers to hold/receive data for transfer Control Unit A synchronous sequential machine controls flow of data and operations among blocks Clock Used for the control unit synchronous sequential machine. EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 32 8
9 General Purpose Computer: Harvard Architecture Higher speed & increased complexity Separate instruction & data memories Allow fetch & execute cycles to proceed in parallel PIC family of microcomputers from Microchip Tech use Harvard architecture Harvard Architecture Source: PIC Reference Manual EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 33 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 34 Definitions: Micro-what?? Microprocessor = a processor that fits on one chip e.g , 80486, Pentium, Athlon, SPARC Microcomputer = computer with a microproc. as CPU Includes CPU, memory, I/O, and bussing e.g. all PCs and Workstations Single-Chip Microcomputer = (the obvious) Microcontroller = A single-chip microcomputer optimized for embedded control applications I/O architecture is most obvious optimization e.g. 68HC11 EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 35 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Defines those features of the processor architecture visible to the programmer Instruction formats length of opcodes, number of operands (one of the inputs (arguments) of an operator), field meanings Opcodes: the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed what the decoder is to do with each opcode number Memory addressing modes Data registers and their uses Number of registers, special purposes, register windows Data word size(s) EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 36 9
10 Microarchitecture Implementation details of the processor Special purpose registers Rename register files more physical registers than those in ISA e.g. PC, IR, internal buffers, temp registers, & drivers How instructions are sequenced How data dependencies between instr. are managed Number of concurrent pipelines Out-of-order execution implementations etc, etc, etc... These details are generally not visible to programmer Can not be directly controlled by instructions EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 37 EE3170/CC/Lecture# bit Full Adder Truth Table 1-bit Full Adder Implementation Boolean Equations: For each output variable on the truth table: Find all rows where that output = 1 AND the input polarities for each row (logical product) OR inputs for all such rows (logical sum of products) Logic Diagram: Minimize the logic equations (e.g. Karnaugh map) Implement the minimized logic equations using combinational logic EE3170/CC/Lecture#4 39 EE3170/CC/Lecture#
Microprocessors/Microcontrollers
Microprocessors/Microcontrollers A central processing unit (CPU) fabricated on one or more chips, containing the basic arithmetic, logic, and control elements of a computer that are required for processing
More informationEE 3170 Microcontroller Applications
EE 317 Microcontroller Applications Lecture 5 : Instruction Subset & Machine Language: Introduction to the Motorola 68HC11 - Miller 2.1 & 2.2 Based on slides for ECE317 by Profs. Davis, Kieckhafer, Tan,
More informationComputer Architecture 2/26/01 Lecture #
Computer Architecture 2/26/01 Lecture #9 16.070 On a previous lecture, we discussed the software development process and in particular, the development of a software architecture Recall the output of the
More informationMicrocomputer Architecture and Programming
IUST-EE (Chapter 1) Microcomputer Architecture and Programming 1 Outline Basic Blocks of Microcomputer Typical Microcomputer Architecture The Single-Chip Microprocessor Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
More informationIntroduction to Microcontrollers
Introduction to Microcontrollers Embedded Controller Simply an embedded controller is a controller that is embedded in a greater system. One can define an embedded controller as a controller (or computer)
More informationBUILDING BLOCKS OF A BASIC MICROPROCESSOR. Part 1 PowerPoint Format of Lecture 3 of Book
BUILDING BLOCKS OF A BASIC MICROPROCESSOR Part PowerPoint Format of Lecture 3 of Book Decoder Tri-state device Full adder, full subtractor Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Memories Example showing how to write
More informationCS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 3, 2015
CS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 3, 2015 Reading Quiz Today Hardware basics Machine memory models Digital signals Logic gates Circuits: Borrow some paper if
More informationCS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 2, 2016
CS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 2, 2016 Reading Quiz Today Hardware basics Machine memory models Digital signals Logic gates Circuits: Borrow some paper if
More informationHardware Design I Chap. 10 Design of microprocessor
Hardware Design I Chap. 0 Design of microprocessor E-mail: shimada@is.naist.jp Outline What is microprocessor? Microprocessor from sequential machine viewpoint Microprocessor and Neumann computer Memory
More informationMARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer 4.2 CPU Basics The computer s CPU fetches, decodes, and executes program instructions. The two principal parts of the CPU are the datapath and the control unit.
More informationProcessing Unit CS206T
Processing Unit CS206T Microprocessors The density of elements on processor chips continued to rise More and more elements were placed on each chip so that fewer and fewer chips were needed to construct
More informationChapter 4. MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Chapter 4 Objectives Learn the components common to every modern computer system. Be able to explain how each component contributes to program execution.
More informationEE 3170 Microcontroller Applications
Lecture Overview EE 3170 Microcontroller Applications Lecture 7 : Instruction Subset & Machine Language: Conditions & Branches in Motorola 68HC11 - Miller 2.2 & 2.3 & 2.4 Based on slides for ECE3170 by
More informationComputer Architecture
Computer Architecture Lecture 1: Digital logic circuits The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. Digital computers use the binary number system, which has two
More informationCOSC 243. Computer Architecture 1. COSC 243 (Computer Architecture) Lecture 6 - Computer Architecture 1 1
COSC 243 Computer Architecture 1 COSC 243 (Computer Architecture) Lecture 6 - Computer Architecture 1 1 Overview Last Lecture Flip flops This Lecture Computers Next Lecture Instruction sets and addressing
More informationChapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture
Chapter 2 Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture 2.1 Introduction The basic components of an Integrated Circuit (IC) is logic gates which made of transistors, in digital system there are
More informationInf2C - Computer Systems Lecture Processor Design Single Cycle
Inf2C - Computer Systems Lecture 10-11 Processor Design Single Cycle Boris Grot School of Informatics University of Edinburgh Previous lectures Combinational circuits Combinations of gates (INV, AND, OR,
More informationEE 3170 Microcontroller Applications
EE 37 Microcontroller Applications Lecture 8: Instruction Subset & Machine Language: A Brief Tour of the 68HC Instruction Set - Miller 2.4 & 5.2-5.3 & Appendix A Based on slides for ECE37 by Profs. Davis,
More informationLevels in Processor Design
Levels in Processor Design Circuit design Keywords: transistors, wires etc.results in gates, flip-flops etc. Logical design Putting gates (AND, NAND, ) and flip-flops together to build basic blocks such
More informationSegment 1A. Introduction to Microcomputer and Microprocessor
Segment 1A Introduction to Microcomputer and Microprocessor 1.1 General Architecture of a Microcomputer System: The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer, or a computer that
More informationReference Sheet for C112 Hardware
Reference Sheet for C112 Hardware 1 Boolean Algebra, Gates and Circuits Autumn 2016 Basic Operators Precedence : (strongest),, + (weakest). AND A B R 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 OR + A B R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
More informationCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION Register Transfer and Micro-operations 1. Introduction A digital system is an interconnection of digital
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 1. Introduction A digital system is an interconnection of digital hardware modules that accomplish a specific information-processing task. Digital systems vary in
More informationComputer Architecture
Computer Architecture Slide Sets WS 2013/2014 Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte M.Sc. Benjamin Betting Part 3 Fundamentals in Computer Architecture Computer Architecture Part 3 page 1 of 55 Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte,
More informationCC312: Computer Organization
CC312: Computer Organization Dr. Ahmed Abou EL-Farag Dr. Marwa El-Shenawy 1 Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Chapter 4 Objectives Learn the components common to every modern computer
More informationChapter 5. Computer Architecture Organization and Design. Computer System Architecture Database Lab, SANGJI University
Chapter 5. Computer Architecture Organization and Design Computer System Architecture Database Lab, SANGJI University Computer Architecture Organization and Design Instruction Codes Computer Registers
More informationBlog -
. Instruction Codes Every different processor type has its own design (different registers, buses, microoperations, machine instructions, etc) Modern processor is a very complex device It contains Many
More informationMARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Outline Learn the components common to every modern computer system. Be able to explain how each component contributes to program execution. Understand a simple
More informationMicroprocessors I MICROCOMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
Microprocessors I Outline of the Lecture Microcomputers and Microprocessors Evolution of Intel 80x86 Family Microprocessors Binary and Hexadecimal Number Systems MICROCOMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS There
More informationIntroduction to CPU Design
١ Introduction to CPU Design Computer Organization & Assembly Language Programming Dr Adnan Gutub aagutub at uqu.edu.sa [Adapted from slides of Dr. Kip Irvine: Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers]
More informationIntroduction to Computers - Chapter 4
Introduction to Computers - Chapter 4 Since the invention of the transistor and the first digital computer of the 1940s, computers have been increasing in complexity and performance; however, their overall
More informationSAE5C Computer Organization and Architecture. Unit : I - V
SAE5C Computer Organization and Architecture Unit : I - V UNIT-I Evolution of Pentium and Power PC Evolution of Computer Components functions Interconnection Bus Basics of PCI Memory:Characteristics,Hierarchy
More informationDec Hex Bin ORG ; ZERO. Introduction To Computing
Dec Hex Bin 0 0 00000000 ORG ; ZERO Introduction To Computing OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Convert any number from base 2, base 10, or base 16 to any of the other two bases. Add and
More informationComputer Organization
Computer Organization! Computer design as an application of digital logic design procedures! Computer = processing unit + memory system! Processing unit = control + datapath! Control = finite state machine
More informationMICROCONTROLLERS 8051
MICROCONTROLLERS 8051 PART A Unit 1: Microprocessor and Microcontroller. Introduction, Microprocessor and Microcontrollers, A Microcontroller survey. RISC & CISC CPU Architectures, Harvard & Von Neumann
More informationComputer Organization. Structure of a Computer. Registers. Register Transfer. Register Files. Memories
Computer Organization Structure of a Computer Computer design as an application of digital logic design procedures Computer = processing unit + memory system Processing unit = control + Control = finite
More informationECE 571 Advanced Microprocessor-Based Design Lecture 3
ECE 571 Advanced Microprocessor-Based Design Lecture 3 Vince Weaver http://web.eece.maine.edu/~vweaver vincent.weaver@maine.edu 30 January 2018 Homework #1 was posted Announcements 1 Microprocessors Also
More informationCHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer 4.1 Introduction 177 4.2 CPU Basics and Organization 177 4.2.1 The Registers 178 4.2.2 The ALU 179 4.2.3 The Control Unit 179 4.3 The Bus 179 4.4 Clocks
More informationCSE140: Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems
CSE4: Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Tajana Simunic Rosing Announcements and Outline Check webct grades, make sure everything is there and is correct Pick up graded d homework at
More informationMicrocontroller Systems
µcontroller systems 1 / 43 Microcontroller Systems Engineering Science 2nd year A2 Lectures Prof David Murray david.murray@eng.ox.ac.uk www.robots.ox.ac.uk/ dwm/courses/2co Michaelmas 2014 µcontroller
More informationBasic Processing Unit: Some Fundamental Concepts, Execution of a. Complete Instruction, Multiple Bus Organization, Hard-wired Control,
UNIT - 7 Basic Processing Unit: Some Fundamental Concepts, Execution of a Complete Instruction, Multiple Bus Organization, Hard-wired Control, Microprogrammed Control Page 178 UNIT - 7 BASIC PROCESSING
More informationChapter 16. Control Unit Operation. Yonsei University
Chapter 16 Control Unit Operation Contents Micro-Operation Control of the Processor Hardwired Implementation 16-2 Micro-Operations Micro-Operations Micro refers to the fact that each step is very simple
More informationFinal Exam Review. b) Using only algebra, prove or disprove the following:
EE 254 Final Exam Review 1. The final exam is open book and open notes. It will be made up of problems similar to those on the previous 3 hour exams. For review, be sure that you can work all of the problems
More informationDigital System Design Using Verilog. - Processing Unit Design
Digital System Design Using Verilog - Processing Unit Design 1.1 CPU BASICS A typical CPU has three major components: (1) Register set, (2) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and (3) Control unit (CU) The register
More informationRegister Transfer and Micro-operations
Register Transfer Language Register Transfer Bus Memory Transfer Micro-operations Some Application of Logic Micro Operations Register Transfer and Micro-operations Learning Objectives After reading this
More informationCS 101, Mock Computer Architecture
CS 101, Mock Computer Architecture Computer organization and architecture refers to the actual hardware used to construct the computer, and the way that the hardware operates both physically and logically
More informationAdvanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 3. Annalisa Massini /2015
Advanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 3 Annalisa Massini - 2014/2015 Von Neumann Architecture 2 Summary of the traditional computer architecture: Von Neumann architecture http://williamstallings.com/coa/coa7e.html
More informationComputer Systems. Binary Representation. Binary Representation. Logical Computation: Boolean Algebra
Binary Representation Computer Systems Information is represented as a sequence of binary digits: Bits What the actual bits represent depends on the context: Seminar 3 Numerical value (integer, floating
More informationChapter 1 Microprocessor architecture ECE 3120 Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud http://iweb.tntech.edu/mmahmoud/ mmahmoud@tntech.edu Outline 1.1 Computer hardware organization 1.1.1 Number System 1.1.2 Computer hardware
More informationCISC / RISC. Complex / Reduced Instruction Set Computers
Systems Architecture CISC / RISC Complex / Reduced Instruction Set Computers CISC / RISC p. 1/12 Instruction Usage Instruction Group Average Usage 1 Data Movement 45.28% 2 Flow Control 28.73% 3 Arithmetic
More informationBlock diagram view. Datapath = functional units + registers
Computer design an application of digital logic design procedures Computer = processing unit + memory system Processing unit = control + datapath Control = finite state machine inputs = machine instruction,
More informationMicro-programmed Control Ch 15
Micro-programmed Control Ch 15 Micro-instructions Micro-programmed Control Unit Sequencing Execution Characteristics 1 Hardwired Control (4) Complex Fast Difficult to design Difficult to modify Lots of
More informationMicro-programmed Control Ch 17
Micro-programmed Control Ch 17 Micro-instructions Micro-programmed Control Unit Sequencing Execution Characteristics Course Summary 1 Hardwired Control (4) Complex Fast Difficult to design Difficult to
More informationMachine Instructions vs. Micro-instructions. Micro-programmed Control Ch 15. Machine Instructions vs. Micro-instructions (2) Hardwired Control (4)
Micro-programmed Control Ch 15 Micro-instructions Micro-programmed Control Unit Sequencing Execution Characteristics 1 Machine Instructions vs. Micro-instructions Memory execution unit CPU control memory
More informationMicro-programmed Control Ch 15
Micro-programmed Control Ch 15 Micro-instructions Micro-programmed Control Unit Sequencing Execution Characteristics 1 Hardwired Control (4) Complex Fast Difficult to design Difficult to modify Lots of
More informationChapter 3 : Control Unit
3.1 Control Memory Chapter 3 Control Unit The function of the control unit in a digital computer is to initiate sequences of microoperations. When the control signals are generated by hardware using conventional
More informationHardwired Control (4) Micro-programmed Control Ch 17. Micro-programmed Control (3) Machine Instructions vs. Micro-instructions
Micro-programmed Control Ch 17 Micro-instructions Micro-programmed Control Unit Sequencing Execution Characteristics Course Summary Hardwired Control (4) Complex Fast Difficult to design Difficult to modify
More informationCPE300: Digital System Architecture and Design
CPE300: Digital System Architecture and Design Fall 2011 MW 17:30-18:45 CBC C316 Number Representation 09212011 http://www.egr.unlv.edu/~b1morris/cpe300/ 2 Outline Recap Logic Circuits for Register Transfer
More informationComputer Hardware Requirements for ERTSs: Microprocessors & Microcontrollers
Lecture (4) Computer Hardware Requirements for ERTSs: Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Prof. Kasim M. Al-Aubidy Philadelphia University-Jordan DERTS-MSc, 2015 Prof. Kasim Al-Aubidy 1 Lecture Outline:
More informationEC-801 Advanced Computer Architecture
EC-801 Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 5 Instruction Set Architecture I Dr Hashim Ali Fall 2018 Department of Computer Science and Engineering HITEC University Taxila!1 Instruction Set Architecture
More informationCS311 Lecture: CPU Implementation: The Register Transfer Level, the Register Set, Data Paths, and the ALU
CS311 Lecture: CPU Implementation: The Register Transfer Level, the Register Set, Data Paths, and the ALU Last revised October 15, 2007 Objectives: 1. To show how a CPU is constructed out of a regiser
More informationComputer Organization CS 206 T Lec# 2: Instruction Sets
Computer Organization CS 206 T Lec# 2: Instruction Sets Topics What is an instruction set Elements of instruction Instruction Format Instruction types Types of operations Types of operand Addressing mode
More informationModule 5 - CPU Design
Module 5 - CPU Design Lecture 1 - Introduction to CPU The operation or task that must perform by CPU is: Fetch Instruction: The CPU reads an instruction from memory. Interpret Instruction: The instruction
More informationChapter 1 : Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction A Microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable, clock driven, register based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory,
More informationLatches. IT 3123 Hardware and Software Concepts. Registers. The Little Man has Registers. Data Registers. Program Counter
IT 3123 Hardware and Software Concepts Notice: This session is being recorded. CPU and Memory June 11 Copyright 2005 by Bob Brown Latches Can store one bit of data Can be ganged together to store more
More informationDC57 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION JUNE 2013
Q2 (a) How do various factors like Hardware design, Instruction set, Compiler related to the performance of a computer? The most important measure of a computer is how quickly it can execute programs.
More informationMemory General R0 Registers R1 R2. Input Register 1. Input Register 2. Program Counter. Instruction Register
CPU Organisation Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory General R0 Registers R1 R2 ALU R3 Output Register Input Register 1 Input Register 2 Internal Bus Address Bus Data Bus Addr. $ 000 001 002 Program Counter
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION INDEX UNIT-II PPT SLIDES Srl. No. Module as per Session planner Lecture No. PPT Slide No. 1. Register Transfer language 2. Register Transfer Bus and memory transfers 3. Arithmetic
More information16.1. Unit 16. Computer Organization Design of a Simple Processor
6. Unit 6 Computer Organization Design of a Simple Processor HW SW 6.2 You Can Do That Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining,etc.) Applications (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile)
More informationCHAPTER 4: Register Transfer Language and Microoperations
CS 224: Computer Organization S.KHABET CHAPTER 4: Register Transfer Language and Microoperations Outline Register Transfer Language Register Transfer Bus and Memory Transfers Arithmetic Microoperations
More informationChapter 4. Chapter 4 Objectives
Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Chapter 4 Objectives Learn the components common to every modern computer system. Be able to explain how each component contributes to program execution.
More information5-1 Instruction Codes
Chapter 5: Lo ai Tawalbeh Basic Computer Organization and Design 5-1 Instruction Codes The Internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of microoperations it performs on data stored
More informationChapter 4. MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer. Chapter 4 Objectives. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 CPU Basics
Chapter 4 Objectives Learn the components common to every modern computer system. Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Be able to explain how each component contributes to program execution.
More informationCREATED BY M BILAL & Arslan Ahmad Shaad Visit:
CREATED BY M BILAL & Arslan Ahmad Shaad Visit: www.techo786.wordpress.com Q1: Define microprocessor? Short Questions Chapter No 01 Fundamental Concepts Microprocessor is a program-controlled and semiconductor
More informationECE 341 Midterm Exam
ECE 341 Midterm Exam Time allowed: 90 minutes Total Points: 75 Points Scored: Name: Problem No. 1 (10 points) For each of the following statements, indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE: (a)
More informationTopic #6. Processor Design
Topic #6 Processor Design Major Goals! To present the single-cycle implementation and to develop the student's understanding of combinational and clocked sequential circuits and the relationship between
More informationChapter 4. Chapter 4 Objectives. MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Chapter 4 Objectives Learn the components common to every modern computer system. Be able to explain how each component contributes to program execution.
More informationASSEMBLY LANGUAGE MACHINE ORGANIZATION
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE MACHINE ORGANIZATION CHAPTER 3 1 Sub-topics The topic will cover: Microprocessor architecture CPU processing methods Pipelining Superscalar RISC Multiprocessing Instruction Cycle Instruction
More informationInitial Representation Finite State Diagram. Logic Representation Logic Equations
Control Implementation Alternatives Control may be designed using one of several initial representations. The choice of sequence control, and how logic is represented, can then be determined independently;
More informationCSE A215 Assembly Language Programming for Engineers
CSE A215 Assembly Language Programming for Engineers Lecture 4 & 5 Logic Design Review (Chapter 3 And Appendices C&D in COD CDROM) September 20, 2012 Sam Siewert ALU Quick Review Conceptual ALU Operation
More informationFor Example: P: LOAD 5 R0. The command given here is used to load a data 5 to the register R0.
Register Transfer Language Computers are the electronic devices which have several sets of digital hardware which are inter connected to exchange data. Digital hardware comprises of VLSI Chips which are
More informationComputer Systems Organization
The IAS (von Neumann) Machine Computer Systems Organization Input Output Equipment Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions
More informationThe Processor: Datapath & Control
Chapter Five 1 The Processor: Datapath & Control We're ready to look at an implementation of the MIPS Simplified to contain only: memory-reference instructions: lw, sw arithmetic-logical instructions:
More informationUNIT - V MEMORY P.VIDYA SAGAR ( ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR) Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VBIT
UNIT - V MEMORY P.VIDYA SAGAR ( ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR) contents Memory: Introduction, Random-Access memory, Memory decoding, ROM, Programmable Logic Array, Programmable Array Logic, Sequential programmable
More informationThere are four registers involved in the fetch cycle: MAR, MBR, PC, and IR.
CS 320 Ch. 20 The Control Unit Instructions are broken down into fetch, indirect, execute, and interrupt cycles. Each of these cycles, in turn, can be broken down into microoperations where a microoperation
More informationCC 311- Computer Architecture. The Processor - Control
CC 311- Computer Architecture The Processor - Control Control Unit Functions: Instruction code Control Unit Control Signals Select operations to be performed (ALU, read/write, etc.) Control data flow (multiplexor
More informationvon Neumann Architecture Basic Computer System Early Computers Microprocessor Reading Assignment An Introduction to Computer Architecture
Reading Assignment EEL 4744C: Microprocessor Applications Lecture 1 Part 1 An Introduction to Computer Architecture Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Chapter 1, Appendix A, Chapter 2 Software and Hardware
More informationBasic Computer System. von Neumann Architecture. Reading Assignment. An Introduction to Computer Architecture. EEL 4744C: Microprocessor Applications
Reading Assignment EEL 4744C: Microprocessor Applications Lecture 1 Part 1 An Introduction to Computer Architecture Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Chapter 1, Appendix A, Chapter 2 Software and Hardware
More information1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE:
1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has computing and decision making capabilities similar to central processing unit
More informationCOMP3221: Microprocessors and. and Embedded Systems. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) What makes an ISA? #1: Memory Models. What makes an ISA?
COMP3221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems Lecture 2: Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs3221 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session 2, 2005 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) ISA is
More informationCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Computing Layers
Chapter 4 The Von Neumann Model Original slides from Gregory Byrd, North Carolina State University Modified slides by C. Wilcox, S. Rajopadhye, Colorado State University Computing Layers Problems Algorithms
More informationECE369. Chapter 5 ECE369
Chapter 5 1 State Elements Unclocked vs. Clocked Clocks used in synchronous logic Clocks are needed in sequential logic to decide when an element that contains state should be updated. State element 1
More informationR10. II B. Tech I Semester, Supplementary Examinations, May
SET - 1 1. a) Convert the following decimal numbers into an equivalent binary numbers. i) 53.625 ii) 4097.188 iii) 167 iv) 0.4475 b) Add the following numbers using 2 s complement method. i) -48 and +31
More informationEECS Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems. Lec 20 RTL Design Optimization 11/6/2007
EECS 5 - Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lec 2 RTL Design Optimization /6/27 Shauki Elassaad Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley Slides
More informationChapter 4 The Von Neumann Model
Chapter 4 The Von Neumann Model The Stored Program Computer 1943: ENIAC Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- first general electronic computer. (or was it John V. Atananasoff in 1939?) Hard-wired program
More informationREGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE
REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE The operations executed on the data stored in the registers are called micro operations. Classifications of micro operations Register transfer micro operations Arithmetic micro
More informationcsitnepal Unit 3 Basic Computer Organization and Design
Unit 3 Basic Computer Organization and Design Introduction We introduce here a basic computer whose operation can be specified by the resister transfer statements. Internal organization of the computer
More informationEND-TERM EXAMINATION
(Please Write your Exam Roll No. immediately) END-TERM EXAMINATION DECEMBER 2006 Exam. Roll No... Exam Series code: 100919DEC06200963 Paper Code: MCA-103 Subject: Digital Electronics Time: 3 Hours Maximum
More informationRecitation Session 6
Recitation Session 6 CSE341 Computer Organization University at Buffalo radhakri@buffalo.edu March 11, 2016 CSE341 Computer Organization Recitation Session 6 1/26 Recitation Session Outline 1 Overview
More informationLecture 2 Microcomputer Organization: Fig.1.1 Basic Components of Microcomputer
Lecture 2 Microcomputer Organization: As discussed in previous lecture microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) with its related timing functions on a single chip. A microprocessor combined with
More informationExtra-credit QUIZ Pipelining -due next time-
QUIZ Pipelining A computer pipeline has 4 processors, as shown above. Each processor takes 15 ms to execute, and each instruction must go sequentially through all 4 processors. A program has 10 instructions.
More information