Lecture 9. Assignment. Logical Operations. Logical Operations - Motivation 2/8/18
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1 Assignment Lecture 9 Logical Operations Formatted Print Printf Increment and decrement Read through 3.9, 3.10 Read , 4.3 Go through checkpoint exercise 4.1 Logical Operations - Motivation Logical Operations Objective: Write a program that plays Rock-Paper-Scissors. Pseudo-Code: This is a game for 2 players. Ask player 1 for their choice - rock, paper or scissors Ask player 2 for their choice rock, paper or scissors Implement logic: Tie occurs if If player 1 and player 2 choose the same thing Player1 wins if player 1 selects rock AND player 2 selects scissors Player 1 selects paper AND player 2 selects rock Player 1 selects scissors AND player 2 selects paper Player 2 wins if player 2 selects rock AND player 1 selects scissors Player 2 selects paper AND player 1selects rock Player 2 selects scissors AND player 1 selects paper What do we do if the player enters something other than rock, paper or scissors? How do we write Java code that implements our pseudo-code? player 1 selects rock AND player 2 selects scissors Both of these problems can be solved using logical operations Two logical operations: AND, OR 1
2 Input Validation Ask player 1 for their choice - rock, paper or scissors Verify the choice is good, if not, exit the program. More detailed pseudo code Print a message asking the user to enter their choice Read the choice Exit if choice is invalid. Print a message asking the user to enter their choice Read the choice Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print( Player 1: enter choice 1-rock, 2-paper, 3-scissors: ); String input = keyboard.nextline(); int player1 = Integer.parseInt(input); The choice is valid if the value is 1, 2 or 3. Any other value is not valid. Rewrite this: Choice is valid if player1 == 1 OR player1 == 2 OR player1 == 3 The choice is valid if the value is 1, 2 or 3. Any other value is not valid. Rewrite this: Choice is valid if player1 == 1 OR player1 == 2 OR player1 == 3 boolean isvalidchoice = (player1 == 1) (player1 == 2) (player1 == 3); // same Behavior. Logical OR double pipe symbol Result is true if any of the individual operands is true Stop evaluation if encounter a true Behavior. Logical OR double pipe symbol Result is true if any of the individual operands is true, Stop evaluation if encounter a true Assume player1 has value 2. boolean isvalidchoice = false player1 == 2 player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = false true player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = true; Assume player1 has value 3. Assume player1 has value 1. boolean isvalidchoice = true player1 == 2 player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = true; boolean isvalidchoice = false player1 == 2 player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = false false player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = false false true; boolean isvalidchoice = true; 2
3 Behavior. Logical OR double pipe symbol Result is true if any of the individual operands is true, Stop evaluation if encounter a true Assume player1 has value 15. boolean isvalidchoice = false player1 == 2 player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = false false player1 == 3; boolean isvalidchoice = false false false; Exit if choice is invalid. Use a decision structure. If the value of isvalidchoice is false, we want to exit the program. if (isvalidchoice == false) System.out.println( Entered invalid value. Exiting. ); boolean isvalidchoice = false; The choice is valid if the value is 1, 2 or 3. Any other value is not valid. Rewrite this: Choice is valid if player1 == 1 OR player1 == 2 OR player1 == 3 Use the logical OR symbol to join boolean expressions An alternative. Rewrite this as: Choice is at least 1 AND at most 3 boolean isvalidchoice = player1 >= 1 && player1 <= 3; Behavior. Logical AND double ampersand symbol && Result is true if all of the individual operands are true. Result is false if any operand is false. Stop evaluation if encounter a false The choice is valid if the value is 1, 2 or 3. Any other value is not valid. An alternative. Rewrite this as: Choice is at least 1 AND at most 3 boolean isvalidchoice = player1 >= 1 && player1 <= 3; Behavior. Logical AND double ampersand symbol && Result is true if all of the individual operands are true. Result is false if any operand is false. Stop evaluation if encounter a false Assume player1 has value 1. boolean isvalidchoice = player1 >=1 && player1 <= 3; boolean isvalidchoice = true && player1 <= 3; // evaluate left operand boolean isvalidchoice = true && true; boolean isvalidchoice = true; // evaluate right operand // evaluate && operator Is the behavior different if player1 has a value of 2 or 3?. 3
4 boolean isvalidchoice = player1 >= 1 && player1 <= 3; Behavior. Logical AND double ampersand symbol && Result is true if all of the individual operands are true. Result is false if any operand is false., stop evaluation if encounter a false Assume player1 has value 4. boolean isvalidchoice = player1 >=1 && player1 <= 3; boolean isvalidchoice = true && player1 <= 3; // evaluate left operand boolean isvalidchoice = true && false; // evaluate right operand boolean isvalidchoice = false; // evaluate && operator Assume player1 has value 0. boolean isvalidchoice = player1 >=1 && player1 <= 3; boolean isvalidchoice = false && player1 <= 3; // evaluate left operand boolean isvalidchoice = false; // evaluate && operator Not (!) Operator In our program we wanted to exit if the choice was not valid. Declared a boolean variable isvalidchoice if block was as follows if (isvalidchoice == false) System.out.println( Entered invalid value. Exiting. ); An alternative is to use the NOT (!) operator if (! isvalidchoice ) System.out.println( Entered invalid value. Exiting. ); Logical Operators Practice Precedence int x = 2; int y = 3; boolean r1 = x > y; // r1 has value? boolean r2 =!(x > y); // r2 has value? boolean r3 =!x > y; // compile error b/c! can only be applied to boolean vars boolean r4 = x >= 1 && y < 5 x + y > 6; // what is the value of r4? When an expression contains a mixture of algebraic, logical and relational operations, how is the expression evaluated? Precedence rules (see page 144) These are things you just learn or lookup when you need to boolean r5 = x >= 1 && y < 5 && x + y > 6; // what is the value of r4? 4
5 General Rules (see pg 144) Summary Logical Operators Evaluate expressions in parentheses () Best way to learn is to practice. Do the checkpoint exercises 3.16 and 3.17 on page 145 For each expression: Evaluate NOT first Perform algebraic operations * / % first, left to right + - second, left to right Perform relational operations <, >, <=, >= first == and!= next Logical Operations && first second Logical OR boolean result = expr1 expr2; Variable result as value true if expr1 is true OR if expr2 is true. Stop evaluation if an expression is true Logical AND && boolean result = expr1 && expr2; Variable result as value true if expr1 is true and if expr2 is true. Stop evaluation if an expression is false Not! Invert the value of a boolean variable Formatted Print Formatted Print - printf In Lab3, we defined a variable grossincome as a double. When we output the value, double grossincome = ; System.out.println( The gross income is $ + grossincome); Results in: The gross income is $ We can use a formatted print for the output to have 2 places to the right of the decimal. The printf Java statement has 2 parts: Part 1 is the format string Enclosed in double quotes Special qualifiers to designate String data, integer data, real data, and to specify the formatting details Part 2 is a comma separated list of variables Example: Outputting whole numbers (e.g. int). int x = 3; int y = 5; System.out.printf( The sum of %d and %d is %d\n, x, y, x + y); Qualifier: %d means the variable type is a whole number (byte, short, int or long) 1 Qualifier for each variable: x, y, x+y Outputs: The sum of 3 and 5 is 8 5
6 Formatted Print - printf Formatted Print - printf For real numbers, we use the qualifier %f, double x = 1; double y = 3; System.out.printf( %f / %f is %f\n, x, y, x / y); Qualifier: %f means the variable type is a real number (float or double) Output is now: / is Suppose we only want to output to a precision of 2 places. We can do that with the printf by specifying the precision. double x = 1; double y = 3; System.out.printf( The %.2f / %.2f is %.2f\n, x, y, x / y); Qualifier: %f means the variable type is a real number (float or double) Using.2 between the % and f says use 2 spaces to the right of the decimal Output is now: 1.00/3.00 is 0.33 Formatted Print To output Strings, the qualifier is %s See section 3.10 of your book for details, but you can also specify: Minimum field widths Useful if you want to output data in a tabular format Print numbers with commas! int income = 10000; System.out.printf( %,d\n, income); à 10,000 Force left or right justification Summary: printf Using formatted print allows you to have detailed control of how the output will be displayed. The printf Java statement has 2 parts: Part 1 is the format string Enclosed in double quotes Special qualifiers to designate String data, integer data, real data, and to specify the formatting details Part 2 is a comma separated list of variables You don t need to memorize how to print a number with commas etc. You do need to know it is simple to do and how to get the details Project 1: use the comma format to print the incomes. 6
7 More Decision Logic Increment Operators Decision Logics allows us to modify the flow of a program if, if-else, if-else if-else, switch allow for conditional execution of statement. Loop logic allows us to repeat statement(s) We can control how many times to repeat We can control the conditions when to repeat We are going to start with a tool then get into loops! We have already learned how to add or subtract a value from a variable int number = 10; number = number + 1; // number has value 11 number += 1; // number now has value 12 Java supports a short hand notation for adding 1 to a variable number++; // number now has value 13 ++number; // number now has value 14 The first form is post fix and the second is pre fix Same if they are the only statement on the line Pre fix: increment first, then do anything else Post fix: do everything else, then increment int number = 10; Consider: System.out.println( The value of number is + number++); Behavior: After the output is formatted the value of number is incremented by 1 System.out.println( The value of number is + number); number++; Now consider: System.out.println( The value of number is + ++number); Behavior: Before the output is formatted the value of number is incremented by 1 number++; System.out.println( The value of number is + number); Decrement Operators We have already learned how to add or subtract a value from a variable int number = 10; number = number - 1; // number has value 9 number -= 1; // number now has value 8 Java supports a short hand notation for adding 1 to a variable number--; // number now has value 7 --number; // number now has value 6 The first form is post fix and the second is pre fix Same if they are the only statement on the line Pre fix: increment first, then do anything else Post fix: do everything else, then increment 7
8 Recommendation: Never combine increment and decrement operations with other activities. Reduces errors Makes code easier to understand A programmer is writing a menu and the user is supposed to select a menu option by entering a number between 1 and 10. The program needs to verify the selection is valid before continuing. They need to complete the following code: System.out.print( Please enter a number between 1 and 10: ); int choice= keyboard.nextint(); // keyboard is a ref to a Scanner boolean isvalid = YYY; We want the variable isvalid to be true when if (! isvalid ) // if (isvalid == false) the user enters a number between 1 and 10 and false otherwise. System.out.println( Invalid input. Exiting ); What should the programmer replace YYY with? a) (choice > 0 ) && (choice < 11); b) (choice >= 1) && (choice <= 10); c) (choice > 0 ) (choice < 11); d) (choice >= 1) (choice <= 10); e) Either a) or b) f) Either c) or d) 2/5/2018 a) and b) will both work. Recall A && B is true only when both A and B are true. c) and d) will not work. Consider, if choice is 20, then c) results in true because (choice > 0) (choice < 11) becomes true (choice < 11) which becomes true. A programmer is writing a menu and the user is supposed to select a menu option by entering a number between 1 and 10. The program needs to verify the selection is valid before continuing. They need to complete the following code: System.out.print( Please enter a number between 1 and 10: ); int choice= keyboard.nextint(); // keyboard is a ref to a Scanner boolean isnotvalid = YYY; if ( isnotvalid ) System.out.println( Invalid input. Exiting ); What should the programmer replace YYY with? a) (choice <= 0 ) && (choice >= 11); b) (choice < 1) && (choice > 10); c) (choice <= 0 ) (choice >= 11); d) (choice < 1) (choice > 10); e) Either a) or b) f) Either c) or d) 2/7/2018 We want the variable isnotvalid to be true when the user does not enter a number between 1 and 10 and false otherwise. c) and d) will both work. Recall A B is true when either A or B (or both) are true. If the user enters 20, then the right most expressions in c) and d) are both true. a) and b) will not work. There is no way that these expressions can ever produce a true value. 8
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