CS Programming I: Using Objects

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1 CS Programming I: Using Objects Marc Renault Department of Computer Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison Spring 2018 TopHat Sec 3 (AM) Join Code: TopHat Sec 4 (PM) Join Code:

2 Binary

3 1/25 Binary Bits Binary digits: 0 or 1; base 2 numbers. Information in computers is encoded in binary.

4 1/25 Binary Bits Binary digits: 0 or 1; base 2 numbers. Information in computers is encoded in binary. Decimal Binary 198 =

5 1/25 Binary Bits Binary digits: 0 or 1; base 2 numbers. Information in computers is encoded in binary. Decimal Binary 198 =

6 1/25 Binary Bits Binary digits: 0 or 1; base 2 numbers. Information in computers is encoded in binary. Decimal Binary 198 = =

7 1/25 Binary Bits Binary digits: 0 or 1; base 2 numbers. Information in computers is encoded in binary. Decimal Binary 198 = = =

8 2/25 TopHat Question 1 What is 17 in binary? a b c d

9 3/25 TopHat Question 2 What is in decimal? a. 18 b. 20 c. 22 d. 24

10 4/25 Numbers in Bases of Powers of 2 Decimal Base : or 21.

11 4/25 Numbers in Bases of Powers of 2 Decimal Base : or 21. Unary Base 2 0 = 1:

12 4/25 Numbers in Bases of Powers of 2 Decimal Base : or 21. Unary Base 2 0 = 1: Binary Base 2 1 = 2: or 0b10101 (or when the base is clear from the context).

13 4/25 Numbers in Bases of Powers of 2 Decimal Base : or 21. Unary Base 2 0 = 1: Binary Base 2 1 = 2: or 0b10101 (or when the base is clear from the context). Quarternary Base 2 2 = 4:

14 4/25 Numbers in Bases of Powers of 2 Decimal Base : or 21. Unary Base 2 0 = 1: Binary Base 2 1 = 2: or 0b10101 (or when the base is clear from the context). Quarternary Base 2 2 = 4: Octal Base 2 3 = 8: 25 8 or 025 or 0o25.

15 4/25 Numbers in Bases of Powers of 2 Decimal Base : or 21. Unary Base 2 0 = 1: Binary Base 2 1 = 2: or 0b10101 (or when the base is clear from the context). Quarternary Base 2 2 = 4: Octal Base 2 3 = 8: 25 8 or 025 or 0o25. Hexadecimal Base 2 4 = 16: or 0x15. Need 16 characters to represent the 16 digits: c d a 14 e b 15 f

16 5/25 TopHat Question 3 Convert to hexadecimal. Type your answer in TopHat.

17 Reference Types

18 6/25 References for Primitives Reference Integer Long Double Primitive int long double Primitive Wrappers Objects that contain a primitive value. Allows primitives to be used in many of Java s built-in data structures like ArrayList. Provides some addition methods for conversions.

19 6/25 References for Primitives Reference Integer Long Double Primitive int long double E.g. Integer intwrap = 5; Long longwrap = new Long(15); Primitive Wrappers Objects that contain a primitive value. Allows primitives to be used in many of Java s built-in data structures like ArrayList. Provides some addition methods for conversions.

20 6/25 References for Primitives Reference Integer Long Double Primitive int long double E.g. Integer intwrap = 5; Long longwrap = new Long(15); Primitive Wrappers Objects that contain a primitive value. Allows primitives to be used in many of Java s built-in data structures like ArrayList. Provides some addition methods for conversions. typevalue() method for retrieving primitive. E.g. intwrap.intvalue();

21 7/25 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model Stack Heap

22 7/25 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model int i = 5; Stack Heap 5 i

23 7/25 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model int i = 5; Integer j = 6; Stack Heap 6 j 5 i

24 7/25 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model int i = 5; Integer j = 6; Double d = 2. 5; Stack Heap 6 d j 5 i 2.5

25 7/25 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model Stack 6 Heap int i = 5; Integer j = 6; Double d = 2. 5; Integer s = 6; s d j 5 i 2.5

26 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model Stack 6 Heap int i = 5; Integer j = 6; Double d = 2. 5; Integer s = 6; Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System.in ); sc s d j 5 i Scanner Obj 2.5 7/25

27 7/25 What are References? Less Simple Memory Model Stack 6 Heap int i = 5; Integer j = 6; Double d = 2. 5; Integer s = 6; Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System.in ); sc s d j 5 i References Scanner Obj Refer to an object. Value: referral 2.5 information.

28 8/25 What are References? A Party Analogy Party: 939 Some St

29 8/25 What are References? A Party Analogy Party: 939 Some St 939 Some St.

30 8/25 What are References? A Party Analogy Party: 939 Some St Party: 939 Some St 939 Some St.

31 Strings

32 9/25 Characters Primitive char c; Literal: a Note: single quotes ( ) not double quotes ("). Wrapper Object: Character

33 9/25 Characters Primitive char c; Literal: a Note: single quotes ( ) not double quotes ("). Wrapper Object: Character Escape Characters \: Escape metacharacter. \n Newline \ Single quote \t Tab \r Carriage return \" Double quote \b Backspace \f Line feed \\ Backslash

34 10/25 Character Encodings ASCII A 7-bit character encoding in 1 byte. ( UNICODE An ASCII extension using more bits. UTF-8: 1 to 4 bytes; most popular UNICODE. More popular than ASCII as encoding on the web since Currently, about 90% of the web. a UTF-16: 2 or 4 bytes; used by java internally to encode strings. a https: //w3techs.com/technologies/overview/character_encoding/all

35 11/25 TopHat Question 4 What is the output? System.out.print( m + r );

36 12/25 Strings astr h e l l o w o r l d! Declaration: String astr = " hello world!"; String A reference type. Refers to a sequence of characters.

37 Strings astr h e l l o w o r l d! Declaration: String astr = " hello world!"; String A reference type. Refers to a sequence of characters. Index starts at 0. 12/25

38 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.length() is 12 Useful String Methods length() Number of characters

39 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.charat(4) is o Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index

40 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.substring(1,7) is "ello w" Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index substring(startindex,endindex) Sub-string from startindex to endindex - 1

41 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.indexof( l ) is 2 Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index substring(startindex,endindex) Sub-string from startindex to endindex - 1 indexof(item, startindex) Returns the first index of item from startindex

42 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.indexof( l, 5) is 9 Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index substring(startindex,endindex) Sub-string from startindex to endindex - 1 indexof(item, startindex) Returns the first index of item from startindex

43 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.indexof(? ) is -1 Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index substring(startindex,endindex) Sub-string from startindex to endindex - 1 indexof(item, startindex) Returns the first index of item from startindex

44 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.indexof("ll") is 2 Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index substring(startindex,endindex) Sub-string from startindex to endindex - 1 indexof(item, startindex) Returns the first index of item from startindex

45 13/25 String Operations astr: h e l l o w o r l d! astr.lastindexof( l ) is 9 Useful String Methods length() Number of characters charat(index) Character at given index substring(startindex,endindex) Sub-string from startindex to endindex - 1 indexof(item, startindex) Returns the first index of item from startindex lastindexof(item, startindex) Reverse of indexof

46 14/25 Strings and Scanner h e l l o w o r l d! \n Tokenizing delimiter Sequence of characters (1 or more) that separate the regions of interest. token Regions of interest. whitespace space, tab (\t), newline (\n), carriage return (\r), form feed (\f).

47 14/25 Strings and Scanner h e l l o w o r l d! \n Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Tokenizing delimiter Sequence of characters (1 or more) that separate the regions of interest. token Regions of interest. whitespace space, tab (\t), newline (\n), carriage return (\r), form feed (\f).

48 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

49 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.nextline() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

50 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.nextline() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

51 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.nextline() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

52 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.next() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

53 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.next() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

54 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.next() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

55 14/25 Strings and Scanner sc h e l l o w o r l d! \n sc.next() Default delimiter: Any amount of whitespace Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter.

56 15/25 TopHat Question 5 What is the output? Scanner sc = new Scanner (" Hello World!\ nhi!"); System. out. print (" Output :"); sc. next (); sc. next (); System. out. print (sc. nextline ());

57 Strings and Scanner h e l l o w o r l d! \n Delimiter: A single "l" Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter. sc.usedelimiter(delim) Sets the delimiter to delim string. sc.reset() Reset the delimiter to the default. 16/25

58 Strings and Scanner h e l l o w o r l d! \n Delimiter: A single "l" (TopHat Q6: How many tokens?) Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter. sc.usedelimiter(delim) Sets the delimiter to delim string. sc.reset() Reset the delimiter to the default. 16/25

59 Strings and Scanner h e l l o w o r l d! \n Delimiter: A single "l" (TopHat Q6: How many tokens?) Some more Scanner Instance Methods Scanner sc = new Scanner(...); sc.nextline() Read until end of line; position scanner after the end of line. sc.next() Skip delimiter; read until delimiter. sc.usedelimiter(delim) Sets the delimiter to delim string. sc.reset() Reset the delimiter to the default. 16/25

60 17/25 Instance vs Static Method Instance Method A method (non-static) that requires an instance of the class. instancename.methodname(...) Ex. String s = "Hello World!" s = s.substring(0,3);

61 17/25 Instance vs Static Method Instance Method A method (non-static) that requires an instance of the class. instancename.methodname(...) Ex. String s = "Hello World!" s = s.substring(0,3); Static Method A (static) method that does not require an instance of the class to run. ClassName.methodName(...) Ex. Math.pow(2,5);

62 Back to References

63 18/25 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap

64 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap Integer i = 6; 6 i 18/25

65 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack 6 Heap Integer i = 6; Integer j = i; j i 18/25

66 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack 6 Heap Integer i = 6; Integer j = i; j = 5; j i 5 18/25

67 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap Integer i = 6; Integer j = i; 6 j = 5; Integer k = new Integer (5); 5 k j i 5 18/25

68 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap String s = " foobar "; foobar s 18/25

69 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap String s = " foobar "; String t = " foobar "; foobar t s 18/25

70 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap String s = " foobar "; String t = " foobar "; s = s. substring (0,3); foobar foo t s 18/25

71 Immutable Objects String and the primitive wrappers are immutable. Definition An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after its creation. Stack Heap String s = " foobar "; String t = " foobar "; s = s. substring (0,3); foobar String u = new String (" foobar "); foo foobar u t s 18/25

72 Random Numbers

73 19/25 TopHat Question 7 Pick the random binary string:

74 20/25 What is randomness?

75 20/25 What is randomness? Anecdotally, humans are biased towards sequences without discernible patterns.

76 20/25 What is randomness? Anecdotally, humans are biased towards sequences without discernible patterns. Kolmogorov Complexity How succinctly can the sequence be described?

77 20/25 What is randomness? Anecdotally, humans are biased towards sequences without discernible patterns. Kolmogorov Complexity How succinctly can the sequence be described? : 48 1 s (Low)

78 20/25 What is randomness? Anecdotally, humans are biased towards sequences without discernible patterns. Kolmogorov Complexity How succinctly can the sequence be described? : 48 1 s (Low) : no clue (High)

79 20/25 What is randomness? Anecdotally, humans are biased towards sequences without discernible patterns. Kolmogorov Complexity How succinctly can the sequence be described? : 48 1 s (Low) : no clue (High) : π in binary to 46 floating-point digits (Low)

80 21/25 Sources of Randomness Lack of Knowledge We don t know the forces being applied.

81 21/25 Sources of Randomness Lack of Knowledge We don t know the forces being applied. Certified Random Bits It is possible to get truly random bits via the quantum world: Random numbers certified by Bell s theorem S. Pironio, A. Acín, S. Massar, A. Boyer de la Giroday, D. N. Matsukevich, P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, D. Hayes, L. Luo, T. A. Manning & C. Monroe Nature 464, (15 April 2010)

82 21/25 Sources of Randomness in Java Pseudorandom Number Generator A pseudorandom number generator is able to produce a sequence of seemingly random numbers.

83 21/25 Sources of Randomness in Java Pseudorandom Number Generator A pseudorandom number generator is able to produce a sequence of seemingly random numbers. The first random value r 1 is calculated from a seed.

84 21/25 Sources of Randomness in Java Pseudorandom Number Generator A pseudorandom number generator is able to produce a sequence of seemingly random numbers. The first random value r 1 is calculated from a seed. Typically, the seed will be based on the current time.

85 21/25 Sources of Randomness in Java Pseudorandom Number Generator A pseudorandom number generator is able to produce a sequence of seemingly random numbers. The first random value r 1 is calculated from a seed. Typically, the seed will be based on the current time. All subsequent random numbers are calculated from the previous value. (I.e. r n = f (r n 1 ))

86 21/25 Sources of Randomness in Java Pseudorandom Number Generator A pseudorandom number generator is able to produce a sequence of seemingly random numbers. The first random value r 1 is calculated from a seed. Typically, the seed will be based on the current time. All subsequent random numbers are calculated from the previous value. (I.e. r n = f (r n 1 )) Pseudorandom because the seed fully determines the sequence of numbers.

87 22/25 Random Class Standard Java class: import java.util.random; Important Instance Methods Constructor: Random rand = new Random(); "Random" seed.

88 22/25 Random Class Standard Java class: import java.util.random; Important Instance Methods Constructor: Random rand = new Random(); "Random" seed. Constructor: Random rand = new Random(seed); Fixed seed.

89 22/25 Random Class Standard Java class: import java.util.random; Important Instance Methods Constructor: Random rand = new Random(); "Random" seed. Constructor: Random rand = new Random(seed); Fixed seed. setseed(seed) Resets the instance to a fixed seed.

90 22/25 Random Class Standard Java class: import java.util.random; Important Instance Methods Constructor: Random rand = new Random(); "Random" seed. Constructor: Random rand = new Random(seed); Fixed seed. setseed(seed) Resets the instance to a fixed seed. nextint(bound) Returns a pseudorandom number between 0 and bound - 1.

91 23/25 Using Random Random rand = new Random (); int randint = rand. nextint (10) + 1;

92 23/25 Using Random Random rand = new Random (); int randint = rand. nextint (10) + 1; Between 0 and 9

93 23/25 Using Random Random rand = new Random (); Shifts by 1 int randint = rand. nextint (10) + 1; Between 0 and 9

94 24/25 TopHat Question 8 Complete the following code snippet so that randint gets a pseudorandom number between 3 and 18 inclusive: Random rand = new Random(); int randint =

95 25/25 Further Reading COMP SCI 200: Programming I zybooks.com, zybook code: WISCCOMPSCI200Spring2018 Chapter 3. Using Objects

96 Appendix References Appendix

97 Appendix References References

98 Appendix References 26/25 Image Sources I http: //help.blackberry.com/en/category/devices/ clincapture/randomization.jpg

99 Appendix References 27/25 Image Sources II https: //

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