The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand).

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1 Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author s permission before publishing any material from the thesis.

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175 $ User Process User Process Memory Manager User Process File System system call interface Server Processes Disk task TTY Task Clock Task System Task IO Tasks Process Management ( - +$ )3 * - ), $-. # $ #%+ &' $%+ ( - %%$ ) ,-& " # " # # "( # " 3 % # " # / 0 # 0 # " ( " 4 ) "

176 $)0 Boot Block Super Block Inode Bit map Zone Bit map Inodes - + )3 * - 0, $-. Data Blocks ) & & # # " # & & *. & & # " #$ -' ( % ) 3 3 " + " 3 *# " " " " % 4 *. & " " " " 4 " 5 "

177 $)$ File name inode number cs201 cs412 comp-org inode owner permission size dates file data (file system blocks) dead old pointers to storage for file directory other inodes - + )3 & " #&+.% &#+ $ ) 3 " 5 " ( 3 % * " *". *) + $ % 3 *. ( " + 5 " +

178 $) 3 2 B y t e s Mode UID File Size Time of last modification Links GID Zone 0 number Zone 1 number Zone 2 number Zone 3 number Zone 4 number Zone 5 number Zone 6 number Indirect Double Indirect File type and RWX bits Identifies the user who owns the file Number of bytes in the file In seconds since Jan, 1, 1970 The number of directory entries for this file and the files group number Zone numbers for the first 7 data zones in the file Only used for files larger then 7 zones - + )3 % * -, $-. #% - $ " ) 3 % " 0 " " " " ( " ( 0 $ " 6 " % )3 % - 3 " " " "

179 $) Hash table MRU LRU - + )3 # & * -, $-. " 6 % % " 6 " +

180 " "# $ %%&'() *+,-./ :;<35 8= >276 7;?@3;39>A>789 8= >23 BC?58>8D8@E $ F $ $G H IJK 123 L39M>2 8= >23 BC N3AO35E P() $ $# $ $ "# Q RST+ / U+,V W3LO D89>A796 A 63> 8= 8?>7896 >2A> 79X:39D3 >23?57857>Y A9O 8?>7;76A>789 8= >23 OA>AM5A; >5AZDE P() $ [ G \$ ] G $ $ #^ # _ G G & $ $ $ " _$ _ F # ] $[$ $ # _ )F R/` a K+0b` 1 23 L39M>2 8= >23 BC OA>AM5A;E ] P() Pc de # eqf # $^ $ $ $ " # # g " [ $ " # $# # [ $ " hh

181 hq 4 bits Version Header Length Type of Service Identification Time to Live Protocol Flags Source Address Destination Address Options (if any) Total Length Fragment Offset Header Checksum Padding Data I +0`. `./0 ( 9;<35 >2A> 7O39>7W36 A =5AM;39> 7>2 A?A5>7D LA5 BC OA>AM5A;E % P() Pc G^ $ G $"g $ # Qee #^ _G$ $ $ [ " ] $[$ "# $"g $ _ P() " $ cp $ ^ " _G$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ ^ $ $ c)]^ ] $ '" $ a b- 7> O A9O ; 6> <3 E 7> 6?3D7W36 23>235 =5AM;39>A> ALL83OE 7> 76 63> >8 79O7DA>3 >23 > >23 LA6> =5AM;39>E % _G$ $ $ [ e

182 hh, b+0` -+` 27D2 =5AM;39> 8= >23 857M79AL OA>AM5A; 76 DA5573O <Y >276?AD3>E % _G$ $ $ [ "# e R.+ `/ K.V+ 28? D89> 63O >8 L7;7> >23 9;<35 8= 98O36 >2A> A9 BC OA>AM5A; DA9?A66 >258M2E W3LO 76 A 6A=3MA5O AMA796> OA>AM5A;6 L88?79M = ;AL=85;3O 93> 856E ( $ F _ he $ $ $ #G F " $,/`/ /a M235 LAY35?58>8D8L >2A> >276 OA>AM5A; 76 DA55Y79ME 85;ALLY 37>235 1 C 85 CE ^ _# $ cp J+ +, + - % _ ^ $^ $$^ gg _ " \$ $ G $ G GG$ $ " $ $ $ " F# $# $ $ $ gg $ $ $ GG# " _ cp $ P() Pc GG # _" U/, +, BC AOO5366 8= >23 639O79M 98O3E +-`.0 `./0, BC AOO5366 >23 OA>AM5A; 76 79>39O3O =85E T`./0-4A57A<L3 L39M>2 W3LO 79DLO79M O3<MM79M?35=85;A9D3 A9O 63D57>Y 8?>7896E ' $ cp $ $ _" $ f U/, + /,`

183 h 16 bits 16 bits Source Port Length Destination Port Checksum Data ( f cp Destination Address Source Address Protocol Data 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes ( d $ >23 C?85> 9;<35 >2A> >23 D8;;97DA> M79A>36 =58;E $G $ _ P() fee +-`.0 `./0 /,` >23 C?85> 9;<35 >2A> >23 D8;;97DA> O753D>3O >8E $G $ _ P() fee K+0b` 123 L39M>2 8= >23 C OA>AM5A; 79DLO79M >23 23AO35E ( P() ehf^ _ g g $ # G d _ $ g g $ D23D6 ; W3LO 76 8?>789ALE B= 7> 2A6 >23 4AL3 98 D23D6 ; 76 D8;?>3O A> >23 53D37479M ;AD2793E P() gg _ # _ $# $ $"g $ $[$# cp gg e ( d " _G _ $ _G _G _" $ U/, +,+--

184 h 1 23 <Y>3 >23593> AOO5366 8= >23 639O79M O347D3E AD2 93> 85 79>35=AD3 DA5O 76 ALL8DA>3O A 97 3 AOO5366E +-`.0 `./0, <Y>3 >23593> AOO5366 8= >23 53D37479M O347D3E ( $ "$ $ $ F $ $ $ $ $ "$ $ GG# "$ $ $,/`/ /a 123 7O39>7>Y 8= >23 27M235 LAY35?58>8D8L <379M DA5573O <Y >276 =5A;3E 123?53639D3 8= >276 W3LO ALL86 A 679ML3 >23593> >8 DA55Y ;7 3O >5AZD =85 A 9;<35 8= 27M235 L343L?58>8D8L 3EME >23 BC?58>8D8L =58; 1 C BC A9O 843L6 BC?58>8D8L E %%&'() $ F $ G % $ $ "#

185 $ _ $ " G _ % _ $ $ $ _ $ $ ( _ G $ $ _$ "" # $ I0-`, +0` `./0% ] $G$ $ $ $ $" #G $ $ &a/ T-% 'g g G g $ $ g _ $ $ $ &a/ U` `-% %g $ g F $ $ $ $ $ # $ $G$ g $^ #^ $G$ $ $ U` a+ &a/ -% %g _ $ $ $ G " $ $$&$ $ $ $ K+ -+ (+V/+% )$ Fg F^ $ GG # _ $ $ $ $ $ K/ +% ]" g g $ ^ $ g $ g _G #$ "$ Fg F $.a+ US-`+ R, 0- `./0-% * # _ $ g $ $# $ g +F _ g $ GG$ ] g # $ $G _ $ $ $ $ P # G $ _ g " g _ #G $ $ ] g h,

186 e 'G c $ $G _ [ $ $ $ %g [ _G " $ $$ g " 'G _ $g $ " F $ g %g $ g %g [ _G [ $ # " $ 'G _ " [ $ $ g " c$g $ " "$ g $ $ $ $ g ' [ # " %g " $ g & $ _ #G % c$ ]G c _ $ " ^ " $ "$ $ %g _G # de $ $ $ $ $ # & _ c$ #G &_ $G _ g & P g [ _ $^ # $ $ #$ F G _ $ hh %g _ $ $ G$ G $g Fg %g Fg [ F P $G$ $ $

187 $ ^ _ ^ $ $ G # " _ $ $ ] GG $ ] g $ $ $# $ $ $ $ $ G $ )$ #G ^ $# g $ $ $ [ & $ $ F^ F $# g F $ G _G ^ _ $ $^ $^ $ $ _G $ $ G _G # $ $ F F $ _G " g # _ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ F $$ _G # $ g g " # $ "$ # _ $^ G $$# " $ $#"# $ 0-` a+ `/. T `+% $ $ $ $ # #$ g$" "$ $ $ $ $ #$ _ $ [ $ #$ $ g " ^ $ $ $ Gg $ _ #G $ $ "$ " $ $ "$ #$ $ ] G $ " #G $ #$ ( G "$ _G " $ #G ^ $ " g F $ $ $ F G "$ $ $ $ / +,+0 +% 'g "# _G F $ # g ] ' c) g g $ ] $ G $" g ^ _# " $" g g $F g "$ $ _ Gg $ " $ g g F$ _ G GF _G $ 0a/ aa -S-`+ aa% ] #G $ _ $ \ _ g $.bbs a+ -+,+`,0-% ] # $ $ $ g P# $ $ G $ F $ U /,` R+, K+ -+-% G $ $ G^ "$ Fg F _ $ $ $ $ ] $ G G $ # $ $ _ $ $

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189 d $ g $ $ _ $ g _^ g % ^ G g $ $ $ g $ GG# # $ $ $ _G $$ $ &//` / +% G$ G " G ^ $ F _ $ $ $ _ F & $ " _ F $ $ G $ U+,V+,% c$ F $ $ $ F " $ GG$ G $ $

190 ] GF $ $ F GG# G$G$ _ $ #G g$ $ " #$ %^ fd+ dh^ ' g^ ] $^ c)] ^ PG,, f ] GF^ ^ $ $ GG# G$G$ $ $ &'" #$ $ &'" $$ ^ % $^ ],, ) $ d ]^ $^ )#$#$$^ $ G$ $ _ $"g $ #G $ c&)& e&dh^ G ) $ PG$^ $ &G$ c$ F #^ ], e H ]G^ ] %g^ '"g^ $ ( P ' $ #G ] $ F " )*** +$$,$ *^ Hd+Q,^ ($#, Q Q ]$$$#$$^ ) $$^ ] $^ $ c G$$ $ $ $ $ GG# " F GG# G$G$ )-# #$./,^ fhd H+fh^ (#,,f h P ]$$ $ P ( P]) ]$ FF " $ c%&)p& &HeQ^ G ) $ P F $^ c$ F # $ ^ %g#^ %g#^ _$ ^,Hfe^ (#, P ]$$ $ )&0 P]) g$ $ c%&)p& &Hhd^ G ) $ P F $^ c$ F # $ ^ %g#^ %g#^ _$ ^,Hfe^ 'FG, ]$$^ P P $^ ( '_^ P ] $^ P ) ^ $ 0 )$ )F $"g #G +$$ " ^ H H+,^ (#,,h, ( ]G$^ $^ ( G$$^ $ F $, $ c$ $ g $ F $ )1 &,&dh^ H

191 Q )# G^ ( '^ ('^ c)] ^,, % $ _ )g $ $ " % $ P $ )#G e 0 ]# $ ( $g P $ $ G $ _ # $ )*** "^ ff, H+Qh^ )G,, ) ]# / " $ $ " ^,,e f %$ $ G $ $ #& #G ] # $ $ -$ $$%%% ^, h d %$ P $ $ GG$ $ _ Gg " ^ f dq+ Q ^, H %$^ * ^ $ ] ) $$G $ $ _ ]G $ $ G $ )-# +,$ * ^ H Q+ff^ 'FG,, Q ( %^ ) ' ^ ] ) G^ $ * 0 ] G& _ () $ * ) " ^ fd+f,^ $ ^ ] $^ c)]^ ($, c) ' h %g^ ( G$^ P *_^ * ) ) \^ $ (* G$ _ #G $ " #$ %^ F^ _$ ^ c)] ^,, ] %^ ( *g^ $ ] ) $$G ] GG$ $ _ & G $ * ) *. *, "% &'" $ "% ^ +,^ ( ' (' c)]^,, c) ' % $ ] ) $$G P GG $ " $ )*** " $"$^ f+, ^,, %^ F$ $^ $ ] ) $$G GG$ $ & G $ G $ $$% " ^ H,,+QeQ ]G $ ( $ _ $_G $ $ ) & ^, fe ] % $ ' )_$ ] *0) + ] $" $"g #G $ * - "" ^ hd+d^ $^ c*^ )G, h $ c$ c

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193 dd ] %g^ ' $$^ (^ $ 'F# P $ $ # $ G )*** +$$,$ *^ d + h^ ($#, dh ) % ^ ( $^ ( ' ^ $ P ) ] g$"& $ #G + " "$%^ ded,d+fee^ ($, dq P %"^ ( P %^ P ' #^ ) G $$^ % %$g^ $ '"G$ $ ' ^ G $ #G _ &e "$ ^ Qd dq+hd^,f dh c %\ $ * '&* P #G ] G$ F F# $ c&,e,^ $ c$ F $^ $ ^ G$#^ 'FG,, d %"$^ ^ $ ' )g P%) ] G $# $ )$$% $$ &$$^ feq+f ] ^ ], d %"$^ * ' * $^ $ ] _ ] $ #G +$ $ " ^ dh fh+f,d^ 'FG, Q d, P %"$ ^ ' ^ $ % $ '" $$ $ c' _ " $,$ $ $ *^ ff H+ hf^ PG, f He ) ] %g^ % $^ $ (&( G $ #G & $ + )$ & $$ *^ HH+H ^ (#, H '&( $ P P '$ )" _ c $ g $ 1 " ^ HH HeQ+Hdh^,, Hf G^ ' G ^ $ $# ^ _G"g $ $G$ " ^ Qd f+fq ^,,f Hd G^ ' G ^ P ^ $ $# P $ $ $ GG$ $ ]$ & $ #G $ "$ ^ dh, + fh^ )G,,d HH ( ' ^ P P^ $ P '$ %g&f $ $# _ $ + )$$% &'" " ^ Hh+Qd ^,

194 HQ ' $ $ ( ] $" $ $ G $ G #G )*** +$$ "^ f f f+ ^ PG, Hh ] G $ $ P ]$ G #G )*** "^ He+Qe^ )G,,e H P $ c ] $ _G 1 $ #G +$$ " ^ Q f+hh^ (#, H P $ #G "$ ^ dd dh+ ddd^, H, P $ $ ) "$ g$ $ _G$ _ g "g $ $ " #$ %^ f,+he^ %$ )^ ' c)]^, d ] Qe ) 0 $^ ]G^ $ ]GG & G$ $ F $ ] $& G _ GG$ $ #$$ $ $ #G $ + )$$% &'" " ^ dhf+dh,^ ^ ( ]' ^ #,,e Q )# G $ FF " _ c) #G $ $ _ & G^ $ $ c$ $ )1 &,&efe^ )# G^ ) ^ ' ] ^,, Qf ) $ ^ ]$$^ ' *^ % ) 'F^ ) ] $^ $ ' ) G #G $ * ) ^ Hd+he c) ' ^ ($#,,f Qd ^ % ( $$^ $ ]% ] ]$ GG$ $ _ $ $ #G _ c$ $ " ^ d+ H,^ $^ ($, Q c$ QH P G ),, +) %" ) $ ^,,Q QQ P G ),, +) %" ))) $ ^,,Q Qh ^ ( P G^ $ * $ &'" & ] $&)#^,,H $ Q % _ $ ( G % % $ (,Q^ $$ )$^ )G, Q

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197 f P ) ^ ) ^ $ ) )$ ] # _ #G "g $ & #G $ ) &f,h^ G )#G $ ^ $ c$ F #^ $^ ' ^ Q) ]H^,,H % ) ) #,,H $ d ] $ $ $ GG$ $ _ #G &)- ) + +$% "$%^ Q HQ+QQ^ )G, H ] $ ^ #^ ) *F^ ^ $$^ $G ^ ) )& ^ ) F$^ $ P # ](( ) $ _ # #G $ c%1)p1 1dh^ c$ F # $ ^ %g#^ ($, Q # $ P $ ' ]$ $ _&$ G$ G _ & )-# #$./,^ fdq fef+fe^ P& G,, % $ _ f ] )#G G $ $ )#G $ h G$ G $ G $ $F $G$ $ )1 &,e&hqe^ #G^ ) ^ ' ] ^ PG,,e # ( ] F# #G $ )P&,ee ^ G ) $^ c$ F # $ ^ ' ]$^ ($,, ( & $$ "$ ", $ # ] $& )#^,,f, ( G$ $ ( * $"g #G & $ c%1)p&,d&hh^ )P ^ c$ F # $ ^ %g#^ %g#^ _$,Hfe^ c)]^,,d,e ( G$ $ ( * $"g #G )-# #$./,^ f Q f,+hd^ PG,,d, ( G$ $ ( * $"g #G )*** +$$ " ^ dd fh+de^ ],,Q,f ( G$ $ (* ] $"g #G $ * ) % c) ' ^ #,,f,d ( ) G$$ $ GG$ $ (#,,h

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210 ,H fd ( $^ ' %^ ] P^ $^ $ % $ $ " ^ Qd dd+dq,^ )GG,,f fd ' #g $ ) *$ ) # G$ G $ &F $"g " "/^ Qf dq+ ^ ($, d fd, % )g^ g^ $ ^ * $^ $ ' c) $ #G )-# #$./,^ Q H,+e^, d fhe % ( )g P c$ $$# ^ $ $ ( G ) $^ H+de^ (#,, fh )$ $_G $ F /$ "^ h +de^,hq fhf 0 )$ $ ]$$ () ] " G #G $ c%11)p&,h& d^ c$ F # $ ^ %g#^ %g#^ _$,Hfe^ PG,,d fhd ( ) $ F $ $"g #G $ " * ) +$% ^ h^ ) 'g #^ c^ c)]^ GG, H c) ' fhh % % ) 'G $^ G$G$^ $ &F $ $ $ ) #G $ c%1)p,e1qh^ )^ c$ F # $ ^ %g#^ _$,Hfe^ ],,e fhq ( )_ G$ G $ G ] $ g $G$ G )-* +.)^ +e^ #,, fhh ) )_^ $^ ) " $^ ] ($^ 'F $^ $^ $ ( g # g$ _ G $ #G "$ ^ h dd+dhq^ ($,H