Introduction to Microcontroller. Systems. Embedded system. Assembler or C? Datatypes 2. Datatypes 1

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1 Introduction to Microcontroller Sven Knutsson Embedded system Assembler or C? Real time Size Price Power consumption User interface Limited memory Hardware/software Performance (assembler) Development (C) 3 4 Datatypes 1 Datatypes 2 Floating point/fix point Integer/fractional numbers Bit Byte (8 bits) Word (16 bits) Double word (32 bits) 5 6 1

2 Datatypes 3 Datatypes 4 Bit High or low, one or zero Byte (8 bits) 0 (2 8-1) = Signed/unsigned unsigned signed 2-complement = = signed = = unsigned = = signed = = unsigned 7 8 Datatypes 5 Computer Architecture Word (16 bits) 0 (216-1) = unsigned signed Double word (32 bits) 0 (232-1) = unsigned signed von Neuman Architecture 9 10 Computer Architecture Motorola Harward Architecture PTE DDRE AD0 AD1 DATA7 DATA15 ADDR15 PA7 [64] DATA6 DATA14 ADDR14 PA6 [63] DATA5 DATA13 ADDR13 PA5 [62] DATA4 DATA12 ADDR12 PA4 [61] DATA3 DATA11 ADDR11 PA3 [60] DATA2 DATA10 ADDR10 PA2 [59] DATA1 DATA9 ADDR9 PA1 [58] DATA0 DATA8 ADDR8 PA0 [57] DATA7 ADDR7 PB7 [31] DATA6 ADDR6 PB6 [30] DATA5 ADDR5 PB5 [29] DATA4 ADDR4 PB4 [28] DATA3 ADDR3 PB3 [27] DATA2 ADDR2 PB2 [26] DATA1 ADDR1 PB1 [25] DATA0 ADDR0 PB0 [24] Module to Port Routing DDRH DDRP DDRJ DDRM DDRS PTH PTP PTJ PTM PTS DDRT PTT DDRK PTK

3 Processor units Registers Central processing unit (CPU) Registers Memory I/O Memory types Memory Read only memory (ROM) Electrically erazable programmable read only memory, EEPROM Flash memory Read/write memory Random access memory (RAM) Static Dynamic Peripherial units Timer/counter Timer/counter Serial communication interface (SCI) Serial peripherial interface (SPI) Analog-to-digital converter (A/D) Pulse width modulation (PWM) Controler area network (CAN) Free running counter Input capture Output compare Time measurements Pulse accumulator

4 Serial communication interface (SCI) Asynchronious Baudrate (bits/sec) Synchronisation Startbit(s) Stopbit(s) Parity bit SCI pattern Odd/even parity Serial peripherial interface (SPI) Synchronious Master/slave Baudrate (bits/sec) Synchronisation Serial peripherial interface (SPI) Configuration Uni/bipolar Resolution Conversion error Signal-to-quantization-noise-ratio (SQNR) Conversion time -Umax 2 n/2-1 Out In (1-2 -(n-1) ) Umax -2 n/2 Unipolar Bipolar

5 Conversion error Resolution = U max /2 n Signal to Quantisation Noise Error (SQNR) methods SQNR unipolar 6 (number of bits + 1) SQNR bipolar 6 number of bits Integration Succesive approximation Flash (direct) A/D-conversion Integrating converter A/D-conversion Successive approximation Variable slope uin RC Fixed slope uref RC Fixed interval Variable interval

6 A/D-converter Flash converter Pulse width modulation (PWM) Frequency Duty cycle Driver circuits Controller area network (CAN) 1 Car without CAN bus Controller area network (CAN) 2 Car with CAN bus Controller area network (CAN) 3 Communication bus Message based CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect Arbitration Input/output (I/O) Digital inport Digital outport Analog inport (A/D) Analog outport (D/A) Serial ports (SCI, SPI)

7 User interface Assembler instruction groups 1 Switch (button) DIP-switch LED Bargraph LCD Character/pixel Load and store LDAA, STX Transfer and exchange TAB, XGDX Move MOVB, MOVW Add and subtract ABA, ADDD Assembler instruction groups 2 Assembler instruction groups 3 (BCD-instructions) Decrement and increment DECA, INC Compare and test CBA, CMPB, TST Boolean logic ANDA, ORAB Clear, complement and negate CLRA, CLC, COMB, NEG Multiply and divide MUL, EDIVS Bit test and bit manipulation BITA, BSET Shift and rotate ASRA, LSL Assembler instruction groups 4 Addressing modes 1 Branch BRA, BEQ, BGE, LBLO, DBEQ Jump and subroutine BSR, JSR, RTS, JMP (Interrupt) Stack handeling PSHA, PULD Condition code CLI, TPA Inherent Immediate Direct/extended Relative Indexed 5/9/16 bit offset Pre/post inc/decrement

8 Addressing modes 2 Indexed - indirect 16 bit offset D accumulator offset 43 8

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