Application Note. A Thermistor Based Thermometer, PSoC Style

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1 Application Note AN2017 A Thermistor Based Thermometer, PSoC Style By: Dave Van Ess Associated Project: Yes Associated Part Family: CY8C25xxx, CY8C26xxx Summary Expanding on Application Note AN2028 (Ohmmeter), an application is shown to accurately measure the resistance of a thermistor and calculate its temperature. This circuit is designed to have its overall accuracy determined by a single inexpensive external resister. Sample rate is selected to minimize any power line interference (normal mode rejection). Introduction Measuring the resistance of a thermistor easily allows its temperature to be calculated. An understanding of the accuracy requirements and the calculations required to convert resistance to temperature makes the application very straightforward. This application uses the following PSoC microcontroller resources: ACDINCVR User Module PGA User Module 2 Analog Output Buffers Thermistors: A Primer A thermistor is a semiconductor device that becomes less resistive as its temperature increases. The change in resistance is roughly expressed in by Equation (1). R( t1) ( t1 t 2) = A (1) R( t2) Where A is some empirical value less than one. t1 and t2 are two different temperatures. R(t1) and R(t1) are the resistances at these temperatures. The Steinhart-Hart equation describes the resistance change of a semiconductor thermistor as related to its temperature. Equation (2) shows it to be a 3 rd -order logarithmic polynomial using three constants. 1 T K 3 = A + B ln( R) + C ln( R) (2) Where A, B, and C are empirical constants. R is the thermistor s resistance in Ohms. T K is the temperature in Kelvins. A more useful Equation (3) shows the temperature in Celsius. T 1 = A + B ln( R) + C ln( R) (3) C Temperature calculations are only as accurate as the resistance measurement of the thermistor. Measuring Ohms the PSoC Way Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the PSoC MCU resistance-measurement hardware. It significantly removes gain and offset errors from the resistance calculation. Roughly, in this case, is defined as a great equation for some academic introduction to semiconductor materials, but won t do for any real world, temperature-measuring application. 8/9/2002 Revision A - 1 -

2 R ref P0.3 PSoC MicroController The Thermistor For this application, a YSI model thermistor is selected. It is a precision thermistor with the following specifications: V 1 Thermistor P0.1 PGA Gain=.94 ADCINCVR 10,000 Ohms at 25 C Interchangeability accuracy of +0.2 C (1% of resistance) -80 C to +120 C operating range V 2 P0.5 V ref- Table 1 gives the temperature for the thermistor at three different points. Figure 1: Measuring Ohms the PSoC Way Equation (4) shows how the resistance of the thermistor is determined: R thermistor = R ref V 1 V2 * (4) V0 V1 As shown in Equation (4), any offset errors in the measurement system are removed by the subtraction of two measured voltages. The ratio of these two different values removes any measurement path gain error. This leaves the measurement error to be determined by: R ref A more detailed explanation of this technique can be found in Application Note AN2028. The reference resister s accuracy requirement is determined by the specific application requirements. An Example For this example, the resistance of a thermistor is measured to calculate its temperature. The requirements are to measure temperature for a range of -40 C to +80 C with 1 C resolution. Figure 1 shows that there are only two discrete components required outside the PSoC MCU: The Thermistor The Reference Resistor This example describes the selection process for each component. The MCU Use a PSoC MCU. Table 1: Three Data Points for YSI Thermistor Temperature ( C) Resistance (Ohms) , , ,255 The Steinhart-Hart equation is a polynomial with three coefficients; A, B, and C. Given temperature and resistance of the three data points in Table 1, the Steinhart-Hart coefficients are calculated and shown in Table 2. Note that calculation of the coefficients is an exercise in linear algebra. Table 2: Steinhart-Hart Coefficients for YSI Steinhart-Hart Coefficient Value A B C Using these coefficients, the temperature can be calculated from the measured resistance. The accuracy of these parts allow for an interchangeability error of less then +/- 0.2 C. This is a precision thermistor with a corresponding price. This part was selected so that the method to measure temperature is highlighted. The described example can be implemented a couple different ways using a less expensive thermistor: Measure the resistance of a discrete thermistor at three different temperatures and calculate its unique Steinhart-Hart coefficients. Make sure this data is entered into the particular MCU connected to this thermistor. Use the Steinhart-Hart coefficients for the typical part and calibrate each finished product in final test. 8/9/2002 Revision A - 2 -

3 The Reference Resistor Given an ADC of finite resolution, the most accurate measure is made when: P0.3 Buf0 PSoC MicroController R thermistor = R ref (5) When Equation (5) holds true, each resistor has half the ADC s range across it. Half the range effectively cuts the resolution by 1 bit. If one resistance becomes four times bigger than the other, then 80% of the range is across the larger resistance and 20% across the smaller. 80% of the range is effectively a reduction of resolution of 1/3 rd of a bit. A 20% range reduces the resolution by over 2 bits. R ref2 R ref1 V 1 Thermistor V 2 P0.4 P0.1 P0.5 Buf2 Buf1 V ref- PGA Gain=.94 ADCINCVR The problem is that the thermistor resistance, over temperature varies several decades in magnitude. Table 1 verifies this. For this case, a reference resistor of 10 kohms is selected for the most resolution at 25 C. With the ADC set for 13 bits, the resolution of the reference resistor and thermistor at three different temperatures is shown in Table 3: Table 3: Effective Resolution for a 13 Bit ADC C R thermistor Ohms R thermistor ADC Resolution R reference Ohms R reference ADC Resolution , Bits 10,000 8 Bits 25 10, Bits 10, Bits 80 1, Bits 10, Bits With a 1% tolerance in thermistor resistance, 8 bits of resolution is adequate. More resolution can be obtained with either a more accurate ADC or use of multiple reference resistors. Figure 2 shows architecture to allow multiple reference resistors. Figure 2: Selectable Reference Resistors When Buf0 is disabled and Buf2 is driven, the reference resistance is R ref1. is sensed through R ref2. When Buf2 is disabled and Buf0 is driven, the reference resistance is R ref1 + R ref2. Although this architecture allows better resolution, it does so at the cost of an extra buffer. For this example, the architecture in Figure 1 is used. The reference resistor is selected to be 10 kohms. Because the thermistor has an uncertainty of 1%, choosing a tolerance of 0.1% for the reference resistor removes any error it can contribute Resistance to Temperature Conversion After measuring the thermistor resistance, it has to be converted to a temperature value. This can be done one of the following ways: Plug the resistance into the Steinhart- Hart equation to calculate the temperature. This has the advantage of being the most accurate. Its disadvantage is that it requires floatingpoint math. Using the Steinhart-Hart coefficients, calculate a table of temperature vs. resistance over the range required. This table can be in line integers. Finer resolution can be obtained by interpolation between table points. This has the advantage of being faster to calculate. The disadvantage is the ROM space used to store the table. 8/9/2002 Revision A - 3 -

4 Both techniques are valid and it is up to the user to decide which best fits their application. For this example, both methods are implemented. Sample Project A copy of the project associated with this Application Note is available on our web site. Figure 3 shows the User Module placement, following the schematic in Figure 1. ************************************* ************************************* Main.c This program reads the value of 3 different voltages to determine the ratio between Rthermistor and Rref. The resistance value of the thermisor is used to calculate the tempature given the follow equation 1/T = A + B*ln(R) + C*ln(R)^3 The tempature is also calculated using the lookup table "TempTable" Both answers are left in memory where they can be accessed with the debugger. Copyright (c) Cypress Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. *************************************** *************************************** #include "m8c.h" #include "ADCINCVR_1.h" #include "Buffer.h" #include "RefLow.h" #include "math.h" #define RREF Figure 3: Thermometer User Module Placement The buffer is a PGA User Module placed in ACA00. It is connected to the multiplexer that connects its input to Port 0[1]. Software enables ACA00 s testmux to connect to the column 0 analog bus. Buf0 brings this reference out to Port 0[3]. A second PGA is placed in ACA01 as a placeholder. The gain stage is not used. The sole purpose is to allow access to the testmux. Software enables ACA01 s testmux to connect V ref- to the column 1 analog bus. Buf1 brings this reference out to Port 0[5]. The analog block of the ADCINCVR is placed just below the buffer. The clock for the ADCINCVR, with a 13 bit selected resolution, is set to 333 khz for a sample rate of 10 sps. This sample rate causes any 60 Hz or 50 Hz interference to be removed from the signal. The sample rate can be increased if the application requires a faster conversion. The control software is written in C and is shown in Code 1 Example. int iv0, iv1,iv2; long lr; int it; temp calculated with a table float rr; float rt; temp calculated with real math float rlogr ; Tempuature look up table const long ltemptable[] = {336500,315000,294900,276200,258900, ,227700,213600,200600,188400, ,166400,156500,147200,138500, ,122900,115800,109100,102900, 97110, 91650, 86500, 81710, 77220, 72960, 69010, 65280, 61770, 58440, 55330, 52440, 49690, 47070, 44630, 42340, 40170, 38130, 36190, 34370, 32660, 31030, 29500, 28060, 26690, 25400, 24170, 23020, 21920, 20880, 19900, 18970, 18090, 17260, 16470, 15710, 15000, 14330, 13680, 13070, 12500, 11940, 11420, 10920, 10450, 10000, 9574, 9165, 8779, 8410, 8060, 7722, 7402, 7100, 6807, 6532, 6270, 6017, 5777, 5546, 5329, 5116, 4916, 4725, 4543, 4369, 4202, 4042, 3889, 3743, 3603, 3469, 3340, 3217, 3099, 2986, 2878, 2774, 2675, 2580, 2488, 2400, 2316, 2235, 2157, 2083, 2011, 1942, 1876, 1813, 1752, 1693, 1636, 1582, 1530, 1479, 1431, 1385, 1340, 1297, 1255, 0}; void main() { int itemp; SteinHart-Hart Constants float ra = ; float rb = ; float rc = ; RefLow_Start(RefLow_HIGHPOWER); Buffer_Start(Buffer_HIGHPOWER); ADCINCVR_1_Start(ADCINCVR_1_HIGHPOWER); ACA00CR2 = 0x1c; ACA01CR2 = 0x18; set testmux to ref+ set testmux to ref- M8C_EnableGInt; while(1){ Reading V0 (Vref+) AMX_IN =(AMX_IN & 0xfc) 0x01;P0.3 iv0 = ADCINCVR_1_iGetData(); Reading V1 (Signal) 8/9/2002 Revision A - 4 -

5 } } AMX_IN =(AMX_IN & 0xfc) 0x00;P0.1 iv1 = ADCINCVR_1_iGetData(); Reading V2 (Vref-) AMX_IN =(AMX_IN & 0xfc) 0x02;P0.5 iv2 = ADCINCVR_1_iGetData(); Resistance calculated with floating point math rr = (((float)(iv1-iv2))/((float)(iv0-iv1))); rr *= (float)rref; rlogr = log(rr); rt =(1/(rA+(rB*rLogR)+(rC*pow(rLogR,3.0)))); rt += ; rt can be viewed here with the ICE Resistance calculated in long integer math lr = ((long)rref) *((long)(iv1-iv2)); lr += ((long)(iv0-iv1))/2; lr = lr / ( (long)(iv0-iv1)); for(it = 0;lTempTable[iT] >= lr; it++); it += -40; it can be viewed here with the ICE itemp = 1;good place to stop the ICE The second method is to use the Steinhart-Hart coefficients to generate a lookup table. TempTable[] is a table of resistances for temperatures starting at -40 C increasing in increments of 1 C up to 80 C. This table is sequentially scanned to see where the thermistor s measured resistance is less than or equal to the table value. Interpolation can be used if a resolution better than 1 C is required. This value is also left in memory, allowing easy viewing with the debugger. Conclusion The right circuit topology makes it possible to measure a resistance with its accuracy determined by a single reference resistor. An understanding of the Steinhart-Hart equation makes conversion to temperature, either by calculation or table lookup, a straightforward task. Code 1: Example The resistance reading is calculated, both with real and integer math. There are two different methods to calculate the temperature. The first method is to use floating-point math to implement the Steinhart-Hart equation. The three coefficients have been calculated and stored as floating-point variables. The temperature is calculated and left in memory. It can easily be viewed with the debugger. The chore of bringing this data out of the chip is an exercise left to the user. Cypress MicroSystems, Inc th Avenue S.E. Suite 201 Bothell, WA Phone: Fax: support@cypressmicro.com Copyright 2002 Cypress MicroSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. PSoC (Programmable System on Chip) is a trademark of Cypress MicroSystems, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks referenced herein are property of the respective corporations. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. 8/9/2002 Revision A - 5 -

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