Types. C Types. Floating Point. Derived. fractional part. no fractional part. Boolean Character Integer Real Imaginary Complex

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2 Types C Types Void Integral Floating Point Derived Boolean Character Integer Real Imaginary Complex no fractional part fractional part 2 tj

3 Types C Types Derived Function Array Pointer Structure Union Enumerated 3 tj

4 Program Structure Structure Chart Calling Module Called Module Main Module Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 1a Module 1b Module 1c Module 2a Module 3a Module 3b Allows solutions to be broken into manageable, understandable and logical pieces 4 tj

5 Program Structure Structure Chart All communication must go through the Calling/Called Module path Main Module Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 1a Module 1b Module 1c Module 2a Module 3a Module 3b 5 tj

6 Program Structure Structure Chart All communication must go through the Calling/Called Module path Calling function has control Calling function calls a function The called function receives control When done the called function returns control to the calling function 6 tj

7 C Program Structure A C program is composed of a series of functions Main is the top level function in C One and only one main function Main may or may not call other functions Energia hides the main function from us The Main function in Energia calls setup() loop() 7 tj

8 Function Purpose simplified view Receive zero or more pieces of data (parameters) Operate on the data Potentially have a side effect Return one piece of data (return value) Allow one piece of code to be reused with different inputs Allows function libraries to reuse common code # include <stdio.h> 8 tj

9 User Defined Functions Declaration Definition Call // Function Declarations (prototypes) void greeting(void); int main(void){ greeting(void); return 0; // function call // Function Definition void greeting(void){ printf( Hello EE1910 ); return; 9 tj

10 User Defined Functions // Function Declarations (prototypes) void greeting(void); int main(void){ greeting(void); return 0; declaration must come before the first use of the function If no data is passed to the function we can use (void) or () // Function Definition void greeting(void){ printf( Hello EE1910 ); return; This function only has a side effect Even if nothing is being returned we should include a return 10 tj

11 User Defined Functions Function declaration structure return-type function-name(formal parameter list); Formal parameter list structure param-type param-name, param-type param-name, int myfunction(int x, float y, char z); Types must match function definition Strongly encourage names match also 11 tj

12 User Defined Functions Function definition structure return-type function-name(formal parameter list){ statements; return return_value; int myfunction(int x, float y, char z){ int val; val = x * y - z; return val; 12 tj

13 User Defined Functions Function call structure function-name(actual parameter list); or var = function-name(actual parameter list); or if (function-name(actual parameter list) == 0){ myfunction(a,b,c); foo = myfunction(a,b,c); if(myfunction(a,b,c) == 12){ The types for a,b,c and foo must match the function definition 13 tj

14 User Defined Functions int vol(float length, float width, float height); int main(void){ float volume; // enter W, L, H volume = vol(l, W, H); return 0; Actual Parameters Formal Parameters int vol(float length, float width, float height){ return (length * width * height); 14 tj

15 Functions and Memory Function call transfers execution to a separate section of code (function) When done, the function returns to the next line of code Multiple calls to the same function transfer execution to the same location One copy of the function Must be able to separate date from different calls Executing instructions in line Program Memory Exception Vectors Function Call Text Executable Code Function Code Return Read Only - Data Copy of RAM Data section Boot Loader 15 tj

16 Functions and Memory Function call creates a space in the heap copy of the actual parameters any function variables (local variables) Function operates in this newly created space (scope) When the function returns, the space is reclaimed (not necessarily erased but no longer available) Data Memory Stack Function memory Copy of parameters Local variables Heap Bss Data 16 tj

17 Functions and Memory void update_acct(float balance, float int_rate); int main(void){ float balance; float int_rate; printf( balance is: %f, balance); update_acct(balance, int_rate); printf( balance is: %f, balance); return 0; with the original balance of 10,000 and a 10% interest rate what does this print void update_acct(float balance, float int_rate){ balance = balance + balance * int_rate; printf( balance is: %f, balance); return; 17 tj

18 Functions and Memory int main(void){ float balance; float int_rate; printf( balance is: %.2f\n, balance); update_acct(balance, int_rate); printf( balance is: %.2f\n, balance); return 0; void update_acct(float balance, float int_rate){ balance = balance + balance * int_rate; printf( balance is: %.2f\n, balance); return; balance is balance is balance is Changes in the function are made to the local copies of the variables not to the copy in main The local copies are reclaimed when the function returns 18 tj

19 Examples 19 tj