Table of Contents Preface Bare Necessities... 17

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Ernest Carr
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1 Table of Contents Preface What this book is about? Who is this book for? What to read next? Personages Style conventions More information Bare Necessities C# C-Sharp CLI Common Language Infrastructure a.k.a. CLR Common Language Runtime Your first C# program Hello-o-o, world! Program entry point Good news:.net Framework SDK Compiling the first program Automatic memory management System.Console object Basics Identifiers Keywords Data types Unified type system Predefined simple types Value types Real numbers Enumeration (enum) types Structure (struct) types Reference types Predefined reference types Class types Interface types Delegate types Array types Boxing and Unboxing Unsafe code and Pointers Literals Boolean literals Integer literals Real literals Character literals String literals Assemblies Namespaces a.k.a. libraries, Members and Access... 35

2 8 Members Accessibility declaration and access modifiers Accessibility domains Scope Expressions Operator precedence Operators Overloadable operators Parenthesized expression (x) Member access x.y Invocation a.k.a. member (function) call f(x) Argument lists The ref and out parameters Variable number of parameters Element access a[x] Postfix increment x++ and decrement x this and base access Create a new instance: new() Creating an object Creating an array Creating a delegate typeof checked and unchecked Unary + and Unary! and ~ Prefix increment ++x and decrement --x Typecast (T)x Implicit conversions Explicit conversions Multiplicative: Multiplication *, Division /, and Remainder % Additive: Addition + and Subtraction Shift left << and shift right >> Relational: < > <= >= Equality: == and!= Relational: is No-exceptions typecast: as Logical and : &, exclusive or : ^, and or : Conditional and : &&, and or : Conditional?: Assignment = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= = Statements and flow control End points and reachability... 63

3 Statement lists and blocks Empty statement Local declarations Expression Labels and goto statement break and continue statements if statement switch statement while statement do statement for statement foreach statement return statement throw statement try statement checked and unchecked statements lock statement Preprocessor #define and #undef #if, #elif, #else and #endif Preprocessor expressions #error and #warning #region and #endregion #line Unsafe code Compare value, reference and pointer types Marking code as unsafe Unsafe code and Pointers sizeof() stackalloc() Fixed and movable variables fixed statement Classes and Objects Object-Oriented Language(s) Objects and Messages Abstract Classes, Properties, and Messages Classes and Objects, Instances Inheritance Interfaces Polymorphism Classes in C# Simple class Class declarations Static members Inheritance related modifiers abstract modifier

4 10 virtual modifier override modifier new modifier sealed modifier extern modifier Fields Methods The ref and out parameters Operators Properties Indexers Events Instance constructors Static constructors Destructors Structures Treating this in structure methods Including itself Namespaces Namespace declarations Using namespaces using Enumerations Enumeration (enum) declarations Inheritance Inheritance Signatures, overloading methods Polymorphism, downcasting, upcasting Virtual methods, overriding and hiding methods Abstract classes and methods Sealed classes and methods Interfaces Interface declarations Using interfaces Explicit interface member implementations Ambiguity with interface member implementations Abstract class vs. interface Delegates Parameters and return value Nature of delegates Delegate declaration Delegate instantiation Delegate invocation Attributes AttributeUsage attribute

5 Conditional attribute Obsolete attribute Interoperability with native code Attributes ComAliasName attribute ComImport attribute ComRegisterFunction attribute ComSourceInterfaces attribute ComUnregisterFunction attribute ComVisible attribute DispId attribute DllImport attribute FieldOffset attribute Guid attribute HasDefaultInterface attribute ImportedFromTypeLib attribute In and Out attributes IndexerName attribute InterfaceType attribute MarshalAs attribute NoIDispatch attribute PreserveSig attribute StructLayout attribute TypeLibFunc attribute TypeLibType attribute TypeLibVar attribute Calling COM and ActiveX Objects from C# - practical approach Creating interop assembly Using interop assembly Primary interop assembly (PIA) Dangers of alternative interop assembly Base Class Library.Net Framework SDK Appendix A. Keywords Appendix B. Formal Grammar Lexical grammar Line terminators White space Comments Tokens Unicode character escape sequences Identifiers Keywords Literals

6 12 Operators and punctuators Pre-processing directives Syntactic grammar Basic concepts Types Variables Expressions Statements Namespaces Classes Structs Arrays Interfaces Enums Delegates Attributes Grammar extensions for unsafe code Unsafe contexts Pointer types Pointers in expressions Pointer indirection Pointer member access The address-of operator The sizeof operator The fixed statement Stack allocation Appendix C. C# Compiler Command-Line Options Index

Language Specification

# Language Specification File: C# Language Specification.doc Last saved: 5/7/2001 Version 0.28 Copyright? Microsoft Corporation 1999-2000. All Rights Reserved. Please send corrections, comments, and other