CSCI 2132 Software Development. Lecture 29: Dynamic Memory Allocation
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1 CSCI 2132 Software Development Lecture 29: Dynamic Memory Allocation Instructor: Vlado Keselj Faculty of Computer Science Dalhousie University 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
2 Previous Lecture Protecting header files from double-inclusion prj-dec2bin and stack example Compilation of large programs make utility (started) 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
3 The Make Utility How do we compile these files? The make utility Manages the compilation and linking of multi-file software Reads a makefile (named makefile or Makefile) that specifies: The targets to be built Commands used to build them How the modules of a software system depend on each other 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
4 Dependencies A directed acyclic graph (DAG) Object file (*.o): a file containing machine instructions of one module We typically generate one object file for each *.c file decimal2binary (target executable file) Linking decimal2binary.o stack.o Compiling decimal2binary.c bit.h stack.h stack.c 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
5 Make Dependencies If a dependency file has changed more recently that a target, the target is rebuilt Particularly useful for a large project with many files, where not everything needs to be rebuilt General syntax: TARGET : DEPENDENCIES COMMAND COMMAND... Describes a general recipe how to build a target 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
6 Make Recipe Examples target: hello dependency: hello.c hello: hello.c gcc -o hello hello.c More examples: dec2bin.o: dec2bin.c stack.h bit.h gcc -std=c99 -c dec2bin.c dec2bin: dec2bin.o stack.o gcc -std=c99 -o dec2bin dec2bin.o \ stack.o all: dec2bin hello 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
7 More about Makefile Syntax Important to use Tab character; e.g., in hello: hello.c gcc -o hello hello.c it must be a Tab character before gcc: hello: hello.c tab gcc -o hello hello.c Another way which make allows: hello: hello.c; gcc -o hello hello.c Use of gcc option: -c (compilation without linking) 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
8 A Full Makefile Example # makefile for the project dec2bin.phony: help make all will produce make dec2bin will produce only \ make clean will clean all: dec2bin hello dec2bin: dec2bin.o stack.o gcc -std=c99 -o dec2bin \ dec2bin.o stack.o dec2bin.o: dec2bin.c stack.h bit.h gcc -std=c99 -c dec2bin.c 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
9 stack.o: stack.c stack.h bit.h gcc -std=c99 -c stack.c hello: hello.c gcc -o hello hello.c clean: rm dec2bin dec2bin.o stack.o \ hello 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
10 Using make from Command Line make Makes the first target In our example target help which prints makefile help make target; for example: make dec2bin make all make clean 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
11 Using gdb for Large Programs In Makefile use -g for all gcc commands Use break filename:line_number to set a breakpoint Use break filename:function_name (filename can be omitted) 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
12 Structures Structure: collection of data items of various types Array: collection of data items of the same type Structure elements called members Members referred by name Some important uses of structures: Data records Building blocks of data structures 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
13 Structure Example Example structure declaration and two variables: struct student { int number; char name[26]; char username[11]; } x, y; Declaring more variables struct student z, *p, first_year[200]; Using dot (.) operator: z.number = ; strcpy(z.name, "John King"); 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
14 Arrow Operator (->) Arrow operator p->f is a short-hand for (*p).f Example: p = &z; (*p).number = ; Second line equivalent to: p->number = ; Structures can be used as function parameters Not a good practice to pass large structures by value 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
15 Dynamic Memory Allocation is allocation and release of memory on heap Very flexible: we control time span and amount of memory Using several library functions declared in stdlib.h Function malloc prototype: void* malloc(size_t size); Returns a generic pointer to allocated memory block or NULL, if no memory available 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
16 Malloc Example Example: int *p = (int*) malloc(10000*sizeof(int)); if (p == NULL ) {... /* Error */ } 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
17 Function free Used to free memory (deallocate, release) Prototype: void free(void *ptr); Can be used only on blocks allocated by malloc After deallocation, the pointer becomes a dangling pointer No garbage collection; beware of memory leaks 22-Nov-2017 (29) CSCI
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