Detailed Contents Welcome And Thank You!...xlvii Target Audience...xlvii Approach...xlvii Arrangement...xlviii

Transcription

1 Preface Welcome And Thank You!...xlvii Target Audience...xlvii Approach...xlvii Arrangement...xlviii Part I: The C++ Student Survival Guide...xlviii Chapter 1: An Approach To The Art Of Programming...xlviii Chapter 2: Small Victories: Creating Projects With IDEs...xlviii Chapter 3: Project Walkthrough: An Extended Example...xlviii Chapter 4: Computers, Programs, and Algorithms...xlviii Part II: C++ Language Fundamentals...xlix Chapter 5: Simple Programs...xlix Chapter 6: Controlling The Flow Of Program Execution...xlix Chapter 7: Pointers And References...xlix Chapter 8: Arrays...xlix Chapter 9: Functions...xlix Chapter 10: Toward Problem Abstraction: Creating New Data Types...xlix Chapter 11: Dissecting Classes...l Chapter 12: Compositional Design...l Chapter 13: Extending Class Functionality Through Inheritance...l Part III: Implementing Polymorphic Behavior...l Chapter 14: Ad Hoc Polymorphism: Operator Overloading...l Chapter 15: Static Polymorphism: Templates...l Chapter 16: Dynamic Polymorphism: Object-Oriented Programming...li Part IV: Intermediate Concepts...li Chapter 17: Well-Behaved Objects: The Orthodox Canonical Class Form...li Chapter 18: Mixed Language Programming...li Chapter 19: Three Design Principles...li Chapter 20: Using A UML Modeling Tool...li How To Read C++ For Artists...lii Pedagogy...liii Chapter Layout...liii Learning Objectives...liii Introduction...liii Content...liii Quick Reviews...liii Summary...liii Skill-Building Exercises...liii Suggested Projects...liii Self-Test Questions...liii References...liii Notes...liii CD-ROM...liv SupportSite Website...liv Problem Reporting...liv Acknowledgements...lv Part I: The C++ Student Survival Guide 1 An Approach To The Art Of Programming Introduction...4 C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved vii

2 The Difficulties You Will Encounter Learning C Required Skills...4 The Planets Will Come Into Alignment...4 How This Chapter Will Help You...5 Project Management...5 Three Software Development Roles...5 Analyst...5 Architect...5 Programmer...6 A Project Approach Strategy...6 You Have Been Handed A Project Now What?...6 Strategy Areas of Concern...6 Think Abstractly...7 The Strategy In A Nutshell...7 Applicability To The Real World...7 The Art of Programming...8 Don t Start At The Computer...8 Inspiration Strikes At The Weirdest Time...8 Own Your Own Computer...8 You Either Have Time and No Money, or Money and No Time...8 The Family Computer Is Not Going To Cut It!...9 Set The Mood...9 Location, Location, Location...9 Concept Of The Flow...9 The Stages of Flow...9 Be Extreme...10 The Programming Cycle...10 The Programming Cycle Summarized...11 A Helpful Trick: Stubbing...11 Fix The First Compiler Error First...11 Managing Project Complexity...11 Split Even Simple Projects Into Multiple Source Code Files...12 Separating a Class s Interface from its Implementation...12 Benefits of Separating Interface from Implementation...12 Helpful Preprocessor Directives...13 The Final Word on Preprocessor Directive Behavior...14 Project File Format...14 Header File...14 Implementation File...15 Main File...15 Commenting...16 C-Style Comments...16 C++-style Comments...17 Write Self-Commenting Code: Give Identifiers Meaningful Names...17 Adopt A Convention And Stick With It...19 Restrict The Number of Global Variables...19 Minimize Coupling, Maximize Cohesion...19 Textbooks, Reference Books, and Quick Reference Guides...19 Summary...20 Skill Building Exercises...20 Suggested Projects...21 Self Test Questions...22 References...22 Notes Small Victories: Creating Projects With IDE s Introduction...26 The Program Creation Process...26 Integrated Development Environments...27 Metrowerks CodeWarrior...28 Microsoft Visual C Intermission...35 Tenon Intersystems MachTen CodeBuilder...36 viii 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

3 Attention Linux Users...36 Organizing Project Files...37 Creating Source Files...37 Creating makefile...37 Summary...39 Skill Building Exercises...39 Suggested Projects...40 Self Test Questions...40 References...40 Notes Project Walkthrough: An Extended Example Introduction...44 The Project Approach Strategy...44 The Development Cycle...45 The Project Specification...46 Analyzing The Project Specification...47 Requirements...47 Problem Domain...48 Language Features...50 Design (First Iteration)...51 Implementation (First Iteration)...53 Testing (First Iteration)...55 Integration (First Iteration)...55 Design (Second Iteration)...56 Function Stubbing...56 Other Considerations...56 Implementation (Second Iteration)...57 Testing (Second Iteration)...59 Integration (Second Iteration)...60 Design (Third Iteration)...60 Implementation (Third Iteration)...60 Testing (Third Iteration)...62 Integration (Third Iteration)...64 Design (Fourth Iteration)...64 Implementation (Fourth Iteration)...66 Testing (Fourth Iteration)...68 Integration (Fourth Iteration)...68 Design (Fifth Iteration)...68 Implementation (Fifth Iteration)...70 Testing (Fifth Iteration)...70 Integration (Fifth Iteration)...71 Wrapping Up The Project...72 Complete Robot Rat Source Code Listing...72 Summary...76 Skill Building Exercises...76 Suggested Projects...76 Self Test Questions...76 References...77 Notes Computers, Programs, & Algorithms Introduction...80 What Is A Computer?...80 Computer vs. Computer System...80 C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved ix

4 Computer System...80 Processor...82 Three Aspects of Computer Architecture...83 Feature Set...83 Feature Set Implementation...83 Feature Set Accessibility...83 What Is A Program?...83 Two Views of a Program...84 Concept of Observable Behavior...84 The C++ Program Transformation Process...85 Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase The Processing Cycle...87 Fetch...88 Decode...88 Execute...88 Store...88 Memory Organization...88 Memory Basics...88 Memory Hierarchy...89 Bits, Bytes, Words...89 Alignment and Addressability...90 Algorithms...91 Good vs. Bad Algorithms...92 Don t Reinvent The Wheel!...94 Summary...94 Skill Building Exercises...94 Suggested Projects...94 Self Test Questions...95 References...95 Notes...95 Part II: C++ Language Fundamentals 5 Simple Programs Introduction A Minimal C++ Program Disassembly is a Great Learning Tool Another C++ Program Parts of the Program Comments Preprocessor Directive Libraries Using Directive main() function Constants Variables Statements and Expressions Keywords Fundamental Types Determining Your Data Type Ranges Determining Data Type Size with the sizeof Operator x 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

5 Literals Integer Literals Decimal Octal Hexadecimal A Word of Caution Character Literals Single Character Literals Multiple Character Literals Escape Sequences Floating Point Literals String Literals Boolean Literals Expressions Operators Operator Precedence Use Parentheses Multiplicative Operators Multiplication Operator Division Operator Modulus Operator Additive Operators Addition Operator Subtraction Operator Shift Operators Left Shift Operator Right Shift Operator Relational Operators Less Than Operator Greater Than Operator Less Than or Equal To Operator Greater Than or Equal To Operator Equality Operators Equal To Operator Not Equal To Operator Bitwise AND Operator - & Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator - ^ Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator Logical AND Operator - && Logical OR Operator Conditional Operator -? : Assignment Operators lvalue vs. rvalue Compound Assignment Operators Comma Operator -, Increment and Decrement Operators (++, --) Identifiers Identifier Naming Conventions Hungarian Notation Constants Variables Declaring Scope Local Scope Function Scope File Scope Multifile Variable Usage Sharing File Scope Variables Across Multiple Files Limiting File Scope Variable Visibility to One File The main() Function The Purpose of the main() Function Two Forms of main() Exiting main() Calling Functions Upon Exiting main() C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xi

6 Simple Input and Output cin Trapping Bad Input cout Learning More About cout and cin Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Controlling The Flow of Program Execution Introduction Statements, Null Statements, and Compound Statements Statements Null Statements Compound Statements Selection Statements if Statement if Statements and Compound Statements if-else Statement Nesting if-else Statements switch Statement Iteration Statements while Statement Controlling while Statements with Sentinel Values Nesting while Statements Doing Something Forever Exiting While Loops with the break Statement do Statement Nesting do Statements for Statement Nesting for Statements break Doing Something Forever with a for Statement continue Avoiding break and continue Writing Elegant Code Labeled Statements goto Statement Advice on Using Goto Control Statement Usage Guide Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Pointers and References Introduction But First, A Short Story What is an object? What is a memory address? How do you determine an object s memory address? xii 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

7 What is a pointer? How do you declare a pointer? How do you access the object a pointer points to? How do you dynamically create and delete objects? The new Operator A Neat Trick: Calling Object Constructors What s the difference between a pointer and a reference? How do you declare and use references? Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test References Notes Arrays Introduction What Is An Array? Locating Array Elements Declaring & Defining Statically Allocated Arrays Single-Dimensional Arrays Accessing Array Elements Subscript Method Pointer Arithmetic Method Beware the Uninitialized Array! Combining Array Definition with Array Declaration Arrays of Pointers Multi-Dimensional Arrays Arrays of Two Dimensions Arrays of Three or More Dimensions Automatic Initialization of Multi-Dimensional Arrays Declaring and Defining Dynamic Arrays Dynamically Allocated Single Dimensional Arrays Dynamically Allocated Multi-Dimensional Arrays Strings Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Functions Introduction What is a Function? Interface vs. Implementation Put Function Interface Declarations in Header Files #ifndef...#define...#endif Put Function Definitions in Implementation Files Characteristics of a Well-Written Function Declaring and Defining Functions Naming Functions Function Declaration Function Definition Function Calling C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xiii

8 A Complete Example Quick Review Local Function Variable Scoping Declaring Local Variables Hiding Global Variables with Local Variables Using Scoping Blocks in Functions Static Function Variables Scope of Function Parameters Quick Review Passing Arguments to Functions Function Calling Responsibilities of the Calling Function Responsibilities of the Called Function Passing Arguments by Value Another Example Passing Arguments by Reference Continuing The Story Passing Pointers Passing References Passing Arrays to Functions Passing Multi-Dimensional Arrays To Functions Another Example Using Function Return Values Returning Objects The return Keyword: Mantra on Proper Usage Another Example Returning Pointers How Not To Return a Pointer From A Function: Avoiding the Dangling Reference Returning References Quick Review Function Overloading Calling Functions Recursively Another Example Function Pointers Declaring Function Pointers Assigning The Address of a Function to a Function Pointer Calling the Function via the Function Pointer Arrays of Function Pointers Implementing Callback Functions with Function Pointers Creating A Function Library Steps to Creating a Library Create Empty Project Add Implementation File Set Library Target Settings Name Library and Set Project Type Build the Project Use the Library Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects EISCS MKI Language Set Sample Program Basic Operation of the EISCS MKI Memory Instruction Decoding Additional EISCS Specifications Self Test Questions References Notes xiv 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

9 10 Towards Problem Abstraction: Creating New Data Types Introduction Toward Data Abstraction: typedef Creating Type Synonyms Creating Enumerated Data Types With enum Enums and Switch Statements Changing an Enum s Default State Values Enum State Name Conflicts The Utility of name spaces Quick Summary Structures: C-Style Accessing Structural Elements Accessing Structural Data Members Via the Dot. Operator Accessing Structural Elements Via the Shorthand Member Access -> Operator Quick Summary Structures: C++-Style Person Structure Redesign Public Interface Functions and the Public Access Specifier Private Data Members and the Private Access Specifier The Deep Secret: The this Pointer Quick Summary Classes: A Gentle Introduction Quick Summary The Differences Between Structures & Classes Quick Summary Object-Oriented Thinking Object Speak: A New Vocabulary Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Dissecting Classes Introduction The Class Construct Parts Of A Class Declaration A Minimum Class Declaration Place Class Declarations In Separate Header Files The UML Class Diagram The Concepts of State and Behavior Object State Object Behavior Class Member Functions Class Member Function Access to Class Attributes Obtaining Access to Class Attributes From a Member Function Obtaining Access to Instance Attributes from a Member Function Special Member Functions Constructor TestClass Example Copy Constructor TestClass Example Extended Copy Assignment Operator TestClass Example Extended Destructor TestClass Example Extended Behavior of Default Special Functions Quick Summary C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xv

10 Accessor and Mutator Functions Accessor Functions Mutator Functions Quick Summary Using Access Specifiers To Control Horizontal Member Access The Concept of Horizontal Access Data Encapsulation Access Specifiers The Public Access Specifier The Protected Access Specifier The Private Access Specifier Overloading Class Member Functions Function Signatures Why would you want to overload member functions? Separating A Class s Interface From Its Implementation Manage Physical Complexity Allow the Creation of Code Libraries A Complete Example: Class Person Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Compositional Design Introduction Managing Physical Complexity Aggregation Simple vs. Composite Aggregation The Relationship Between Aggregation and Object Lifetime Aggregation Example Code Composite Aggregation Example Another Composite Aggregation Example Simple Aggregation Example Extending the Class Diagram Sequence Diagrams Quick Summary The Aircraft Engine Simulation: An Extended Aggregation Example The Purpose of the Engine Class An Engine and its Parts The Engine Class The Entire Aircraft Engine Simulation Project aircraftutils.h fuelpump.h oilpump.h temperaturesensor.h oxygensensor.h compressor.h engine.h fuelpump.cpp oilpump.cpp temperaturesensor.cpp oxygensensor.cpp compressor.cpp engine.cpp main.cpp xvi 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

11 Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Extending Class Functionality Through Inheritance Introduction Purpose And Use Of Inheritance Expressing Inheritance With A UML Class Diagram Implementing BaseClass and DerivedClassOne Quick Review Access Specifiers And Vertical Access Public Inheritance Protected Inheritance Private Inheritance Quick Review Calling Base Class Constructors Quick Review Function Name Hiding: This Is Not Function Overriding! Function Hiding vs. Function Overloading Quick Review What Then Is Function Overriding? Creating Virtual Functions: The Virtual Keyword Purpose of Virtual Functions Declaring and Using Virtual Functions Virtual Destructors Quick Review Pure Virtual Functions Declaring Pure Virtual Functions Abstract Classes Fleet Simulation Source Code ciws.h five_inch.h torpedo.h gasturbine.h nuke_plant.h steam_plant.h submarine.h surface_ship.h ciws.cpp five_inch.cpp gasturbine_plant.cpp nuke_plant.cpp steam_plant.cpp submarine.cpp surface_ship.cpp torpedo.cpp vessel.cpp Multiple Inheritance Virtual Base Classes: Virtual Inheritance Getting Inheritance Right: Some Points To Consider Two Different Uses of Inheritance Reasoning About Object-Oriented Application Design C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xvii

12 Incremental Code Evolution Protect Yourself In Your Design Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Part III: Implementing Polymorphic Behavior 14 Ad Hoc Polymorphism: Operator Overloading Introduction Ad Hoc Polymorphism: Function Overloading The Goal Of Operator Overloading Overloadable Operators Overloading Operators Overloading IOStream Insertion and Extraction Operators: <<, >> Overloading the Assignment Operator: = Shallow Copy vs. Deep Copy Overloading Relational Operators: <, >, <=, >= Overloading Equality Operators: ==,!= Overloading Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, % A Few Words About Error Checking Overloading The Subscript Operator: [] Overloading Compound Assignment Operators: +=, -=, *=, etc Overloading Increment & Decrement Operators: ++, Overloading Various Other Operators: (), +, -, <<, ->, etc The Function Operator: operator()() The Member Operator: operator->() The Comma Operator: operator,() - A.K.A. the Sequencing operator Virtual Overloaded Operators Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Static Polymorphism: Templates Introduction Definition of Template Function Templates Class Templates Structure Templates How Templates Work: An Analogy Declaring And Using Function Templates Separating Declaration From Implementation: Some Background When In Doubt Refer To Your Compiler Documentation xviii 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

13 Example 15.1Continued Using Multiple Placeholders Quick Review Declaring And Using Class Templates A More Complex Class Template Example Quick Review Overview Of The Standard Template Library (STL) Containers and Container Adapters Iterators Algorithms Quick Review Using Standard Template Library Components Using vector Using list Quick Review Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Dynamic Polymorphism: Object-Oriented Programming Introduction Abstraction: Amplify The Essential Eliminate The Irrelevant Object-Oriented Programming Defined Dynamic Polymorphism Defined Language Features That Support Object-Oriented Programming An Example: Class Interface Quick Review Extended Example: Engine Components Revisited A Basis for Comparison Polymorphic Engine Component Code icomponent.h component.h component.cpp pump.h pump.cpp sensor.h sensor.cpp waterpump.h waterpump.cpp oilpump.h oilpump.cpp fuelpump.h fuelpump.cpp airflowsensor.h airflowsensor.cpp oxygensensor.h oxygensensor.cpp temperaturesensor.h temperaturesensor.cpp engine.h engine.cpp smallengine.h smallengine.cpp engineutils.h main.cpp Discussion of the Polymorphic Engine Component Code IComponent and Derived Classes What is Meant by a Pure Virtual vs. a Virtual Member Function Declaration Engine and SmallEngine Running the Polymorphic Engine Component Program A Short Story C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xix

14 Taming the Complexity of the C++ Language Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Part IV: Intermediate Concepts 17 Well Behaved Objects: The Orthodox Canonical Class Form Introduction What Is A Well-Behaved Object? Object Usage Contexts Object Creation Object Copying Object Assignment Object Destruction Other Contexts By Design The Orthodox Canonical Class Form (OCCF) Four Required Functions Default Constructor Destructor Copy Constructor Copy Assignment Operator Implementing Foo Class OCCF Functions Consider Future Desired Behavior Extending Foo To Participate In Other Contexts: Overloading More Operators Quick Review Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Mixed Language Programming Introduction C++ And C How C++ Allows Overloaded Functions: Name Mangling extern Keyword Building a C Library: The square() Function Deciphering C Standard Library Files Quick Review C++ And Assembly Some Things To Think About Before Using Assembly Know Thy Implementation Dependencies Inline Assembly Language in a C++ Function Linking An Object File Created From Assembly Language Process Steps Using Inline Assembly in the Macintosh Environment Quick Review C++ and Java: The Java Native Interface (JNI) xx 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

15 Steps To Create a JNI C++ Program Win32 JNI Example Step 1: Create Java Source File Step 2: Compile Java Source File Step 3: Create Header File Step 4: Create C++ Source File Step 5: Compile C++ Source File to Create Dynamic Link Library Step 6: Run Java Program Macintosh OSX JNI Example Step 1: Create Java Source File Step 2: Compile Java Source File Step 3: Create Header File Step 4: Create C++ Source File Step 5: Compile C++ Source File to Create Dynamic Link Library Step 6: Run Java Program When To Use JNI Quick Review Summary Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Three Design Principles Introduction The Preferred Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Architecture Easy to Understand (How does this thing work?) Easy to Reason About (What are the effects of change?) Easy to Extend (Where do I add functionality?) The Liskov Substitution Principle & Design by Contract Reasoning About the Behavior of Supertypes and Subtypes Relationship Between the LSP and DbC The Common Goal of the LSP and DbC C++ Support for the LSP and DbC Designing with the LSP/DbC in Mind The Power and Danger of C Class Declarations Viewed as Behavior Specifications Preconditions, Postconditions, and Class Invariants Class Invariant Precondition Postcondition An Example Using Incrementer as a Base Class Changing the Preconditions of Derived Class Functions Adopting the Same Preconditions Weakening Preconditions Strengthening Preconditions Quick Review Changing the Postconditions of Derived Class Functions Special Cases of Preconditions and Postconditions Function Argument Types Function Return Types Function Access Rights Quick Review Three Rules of the Substitution Principle Signature Rule Methods Rule Properties Rule The Open-Closed Principle Achieving The Open-Closed Principle An OCP Example Additional OCP Conventions Relationship Between the OCP and the LSP/DbC C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xxi

16 Quick Review The Dependency Inversion Principle Characteristics of Bad Software Architecture Characteristics of Good Software Architecture Selecting The Right Abstractions Takes Experience Quick Review Summary Terms and Definitions Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Using A UML Modeling Tool Introduction The Purpose Of A UML Modeling Tool Introducing Embarcadero Technologies Describe Primary Features The Project Specification: Robot Rat Creating Use Case Diagrams Adding Documentation to Diagram Elements Programmer Perspective Use Cases Pausing to Consider Design Issues Creating Class Diagrams Creating an Overall Package Architecture Diagram Moving Beyond the Package Diagram Adding Operations and Attributes to Classes Iterating Through the Design Process Creating Sequence Diagrams Proper Use of Sequence Diagrams Adding Objects to Sequence Diagrams Adding Messages to Sequence Diagrams Generating Source Code Reverse Engineering Merging Systems Linking Diagram Objects to Diagrams Generating Web Project Reports Summary RobotRat Source Code abstractposition.h abstractmarker.h abstractcontrolledobject.h position.h marker.h remotecontrolledobject.h abstractcontrolledrodent.h robotrat.h rodentworld.h userinterface.h controller.h position.cpp marker.cpp remotecontrolledobject.cpp robotrat.cpp xxii 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists

17 rodentworld.cpp userinterface.cpp controller.cpp main.cpp Skill Building Exercises Suggested Projects Self Test Questions References Notes Appendices Appendix A: Project Approach Strategy Checkoff List Project Approach Strategy Checkoff List Appendix B: ASCII Table ASCII Table Appendix C: Answers To Self-Test Questions Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter C++ For Artists 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved xxiii

18 xxiv 2003 Rick Miller All Rights Reserved C++ For Artists