Islamic University of Gaza Computer Engineering Dept. C++ Programming. For Industrial And Electrical Engineering By Instructor: Ruba A.
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1 Islamic University of Gaza Computer Engineering Dept. C++ Programming For Industrial And Electrical Engineering By Instructor: Ruba A. Salamh
2 Chapter Four: Loops 2
3 Chapter Goals To implement while, for and do loops To understand nested loops To implement programs that read and process data sets To use a computer for simulations 3
4 What Is the Purpose of a Loop? In a loop, a part of a program is repeated over and over, until a specific goal is reached. Loops are important for calculations that require repeated steps Loops are also important for processing input consisting of many data items. 4
5 The Three Loops in C++ C++ has these three looping statements: while for do 5
6 The while Loop while (condition) { statements } The condition is some kind of test (the same as it was in the if statement) 6
7 The while Loop while (condition) { statements } The statements are repeatedly executed until the condition is false 7
8 while Looping (Repetition) Structure 8
9 while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) Example: 9
10 Designing while Loops i = 20; The condition will be initially false and no iteration will be executed, and nothing will be printed. 10
11 11
12 Designing while Loops How to stop the loop? And how to stop processing inputs? Come and get answers.. 12
13 Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops If you know exactly how many pieces of data need to be read, the while loop becomes a counter-controlled loop 13
14 Example: Sample run 14
15 Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops Sentinel variable is tested in the condition and loop ends when sentinel is encountered 15
16 Example: 16
17 Case 3: Using Failed Input Sometimes it is easier and a bit more intuitive to ask the user to Hit Q to Quit instead or requiring the input of a sentinel value. Sometimes picking a sentinel value is simply impossible if any valid number is allowed, which number could be chosen? 17
18 Example: 18
19 Failed Input (continue.) Using the input attempt directly we have: cout << "Enter values, Q to quit: "; while (cin >> value) { // process value here } cin.clear(); 19
20 Case 4: Flag-Controlled while Loops A flag-controlled while loop uses a bool variable to control the loop The flag-controlled while loop takes the form: 20
21 More on Expressions in while Statements The expression in a while statement can be complex For example: while ((noofguesses < 5) && (!isguessed)) { } 21
22 Programming Example: Checking Account Balance A local bank in your town needs a program to calculate the investments of customers You put $10,000 into a bank account that earns 5 percent interest per year. How many years does it take for the account balance to be double the original investment? 22
23 Example solution: The algorithm: 1. Start with a year value of 0 and a balance of $10, Repeat the following steps while the balance is less than $20,000: Add 1 to the year value. Compute the interest by multiplying the balance value by 0.05 (5 percent interest) (will be a const, of course). Add the interest to the balance. 3. Report the final year value as the answer. 23
24 Example solution: continue.. 24
25 Example solution: continue.. 25
26 Note: When you define a variable inside the loop body, the variable is created for each iteration of the loop and removed after the end of each iteration. For example, consider the interest variable in this loop: while (balance < TARGET) { year++; double interest = balance * RATE / 100; balance = balance + interest; } // interest no longer defined here 26
27 Problem Solving: Hand-Tracing 27
28 for Looping (Repetition) Structure The general form of the for statement is: The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement are called for loop control statements initial statement usually initializes a variable (called the for loop control, or for indexed, variable) In C++, for is a reserved word 28
29 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) 29
30 The for Statement 30
31 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) The following for loop prints the first 10 non negative integers: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout<< i << ; cout << endl; The following for loop prints hello and a star (on separate lines) five times: for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) { cout<< Hello << endl; cout << * << endl; } 31
32 Solving a Problem with a for Statement Earlier we determined the number of years it would take to (at least) double our balance. Now let s see the interest in action: We want to print the balance of our savings account over a five-year period. The over a five-year period indicates that a for loop should be used. Because we know how many times the statements must be executed, we choose a for loop. 32
33 Solving a Problem with a for Statement The output should look something like this: 33
34 Solving a Problem with a for Statement The pseudocode: for (int year = 1; year <= nyears; year++) { Update balance. Print year and balance. } 34
35 The for Loop Flowchart of the investment calculation using a for loop 35
36 Solving a Problem with a for Statement Two statements should happen five times. So use a for statement. They are: update balance print year and balance for (int year = 1; year <= nyears; year++) { } // update balance // print year and balance 36
37 The complete program 37
38 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) C++ allows you to use fractional values for loop control variables of the double type Results may differ The following is a semantic error: The following is a legal for loop: for (;;) cout << "Hello" << endl; 38
39 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) 39
40 Programming Tip Consider the loop: for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) The values for i are bounded by the relation 1 i 10. Because there are on both bounds, the bounds are called symmetric. When traversing the characters in a string, it is more natural to use the bounds for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) In this loop, i traverses all valid positions in the string. The values for i are bounded by 0 i < str.length(), such bounds are called asymmetric. 40
41 Programming Tip The following loop is legal: // Confusing unrelated expressions for (cout << "Inputs: "; cin >> x; sum = sum + x) { } count++; However, programmers reading such a for loop will be confused because it does not match their expectations. Use a while loop for iterations that do not follow the for idiom 41
42 42
43 do while Looping (Repetition) Structure General form of a do...while: The statement executes first, and then the expression is evaluated To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a statement that makes the expression false The statement can be simple or compound Loop always iterates at least once 43
44 do while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) 44
45 do while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued) do while example: 45
46 do while Looping (Example:) 46
47 do while Looping (Example): int value; do { cout << "Enter a value < 100: "; cin >> value; } while (value >= 100); int value; cout << "Enter a value < 100:"; while (value >= 100); { cout << "Sorry, that is larger than 100\n" << "Try again: "; cin >> value; } 47
48 Flowcharts for the while Loop and the do Loop 48
49 Choosing the Right Looping Structure All three loops have their place in C++ If you know or can determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, the for loop is the correct choice If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it could be zero, use a while loop If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it is at least one, use a do...while loop 49
50 break and continue Statements break and continue alter the flow of control break statement is used for two purposes: To exit early from a loop Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables To skip the remainder of the switch structure After the break statement executes, the program continues with the first statement after the structure 50
51 break & continue Statements (continued) continue is used in while, for, and do while structures When executed in a loop It skips remaining statements and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop 51
52 Nested Control Structures To create the following pattern: * ** *** **** ***** We can use the following code: for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) cout << "*"; cout << endl; } 52
53 Nested Control Structures (continued) What is the result if we replace the first for statement with the following? for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--) { } Answer: ***** **** *** ** * for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) cout << "*"; cout << endl; 53
54 Nested Loops (Example:) Write a program to produce a table of powers. The output should be something like this: 54
55 55
56 56
57 Random numbers and simulations The C++ library has a random number generator. Calling rand() yields a random integer between 0 and RAND_MAX which is typically, but not always, the largest valid int value. Call rand() again, and you get a different number. The rand function is declared in the <cstdlib> header. 57
58 Generating random numbers (continue.) The following program calls the rand function ten times. 58
59 Generating random numbers (continue.) Actually, the numbers are not completely random. Try running the program again. You will get the exact same output! To overcome this problem, specify a seed for the random number sequence. Every time you use a new seed, a new sequence of random number generated. The seed is set with the srand function. A simple value to use as a seed is the current time: srand(time(0)); 59
60 Modeling Using the rand Function Let s model a pair of dice, 60
61 Modeling Using the rand Function What are the bounds of the range of numbers on one die? 1 and 6 (inclusive) We want a value randomly between those endpoints (inclusively) 61
62 Modeling Using the rand Function (b - a + 1) a b Given two endpoints, a and b, recall there are (b - a + 1) values between a and b, (including the bounds themselves). 62
63 Modeling Using the rand Function (b - a + 1) a b rand() % (b - a + 1) Obtain a random value between 0 and b a by using the rand() function 63
64 Modeling Using the rand Function (b - a + 1) a b Start at a 64
65 Modeling Using the rand Function (b - a + 1) a b rand() % (b - a + 1) Add that random value to a and you have: int d = rand() % (b - a + 1) + a; 65
66 Modeling Using the rand Function (b - a + 1) a b rand() % (b - a + 1) a random value in the range. int d = rand() % (b - a + 1) + a; 66
67 Modeling Using the rand Function Using 1 and 6 as the bounds and modeling for two dice, running for 10 tries, we have: 67
68 Modeling Using the rand Function Here is a program that simulates the throw of a pair of dice. 68
69 Summary C++ has three looping (repetition) structures: while, for, and do while while, for, and do are reserved words while and for loops are called pretest loops do...while loop is called a posttest loop while and for may not execute at all, but do...while always executes at least once 69
70 Summary (continued) while: expression is the decision maker, and the statement is the body of the loop A while loop can be: Counter-controlled Sentinel-controlled 70
71 Summary (continued) for loop: simplifies the writing of a countercontrolled while loop Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop is a semantic error Executing a break statement in the body of a loop immediately terminates the loop Executing a continue statement in the body of a loop skips to the next iteration 71
72 End Chapter Four
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