Topic 6: A Quick Intro To C

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1 Topic 6: A Quick Intro To C Assumption: All of you know Java. Much of C syntax is the same. Also: Many of you have used C or C++. Goal for this topic: you can write & run a simple C program basic functions with parameters & results very basic arrays no pointers or structures no string variables (just literal strings) 1

2 Reading Chapter 1 of C text: overview, don't have to know all details Chapter 2: types, operators & expressions may skip enum constants bitwise operators may be new: please note Chapter 3: control flow may skip: switch, do-while loops Section 7.2: printf Section 7.4: scanf 2

3 "goto Considered Harmful" Text mentions goto statements in Chapter 3. DO NOT USE!!! Automatic style deduction even on exams. 3

4 Versions of C C is an older language & has evolved. Many versions. ANSI C: a standard Most compilers are more flexible than ANSI Rule for this term: Your programs must work using the GNU C compiler. No special flags required. Caution: Make sure your C programs work on the CASLab system. Some other systems (zeus?) use an alias: alias gcc=<older C compiler> 4

5 A First C Program /* * A "hello, world" program written in C * Example for CISC 220, Winter 2009 * M. Lamb */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { printf("hello, world!\n"); return 0; // successful return } // end main Things to notice: no class comments including libraries main function returns a value (program's exit status) printf and '\n' 5

6 Compiling and Running a C Program (1) For now: one-file programs. File extension must be.c Suppose my program is hello.c gcc command: GNU Compiler Collection File extension tells compiler which language. Simplest way to compile & run: gcc hello.c Produces an executable file called a.out. 6

7 Compiling and Running a C Program (2) To get a nicer name for executable: gcc -o greeting hello.c Now executable file is called greeting (no extension) 7

8 Compiling and Running a C Program (3) Two-step method: gcc -c hello.c Compiles only. Does not link. Produces hello.o ("object code") To get an executable (link object code with C library): gcc -o greeting hello.o 8

9 Warnings Recommended flag for gcc: -Wall Enables many helpful warnings. Examples: single = inside a conditional wrong number of arguments for printf or scanf forgetting to return a value from a function that's not void unused variables Not required for CISC 220, but very helpful in debugging. Suggestion: alias gcc="gcc -Wall" 9

10 Differences Between C and C++ 1. Obvious big difference: no classes in C. Structures only (we'll review later) 2. Some syntax rules are more restrictive in C 3. I/O is different. 4. Different libraries to include 5. Memory allocation is different (later) 6. No const declarations (use #define) 7. No bool type 10

11 One-Line Comments Strict ANSI C: no one-line comments (//) All comments are /*... */ gcc compiler allows one-line comments, so OK to use for CISC

12 Control Structures Just like Java: if, while, for One difference with for loops: In C++ & Java, OK to declare for loop counters in loop: for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)... Standard C does not allow this. Instead: int i; for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)... Look at prime.c... 12

13 Booleans No bool/boolean type in C. Results of tests are integers. 0 = false non-zero = true Be very careful about "=" vs "==": int x = 2; if (x = 3) printf("yes"); else printf("no"); // value of x here? 13

14 Integer Types Basic integer type: int Other types: short (or short int) and long (or long int) May add modifier signed or unsigned to any of the integer types. Signed integer uses one bit for sign. Unsigned integer doesn't use a sign bit; range starts at zero. Default is signed. 14

15 Character Types Type for a single ASCII character: char May add modifier signed or unsigned No set default depends on implementation! 15

16 Floating-Point Types Basic floating-point type: float Other types: double, long double All floating point numbers are signed. 16

17 Portability Issues Sizes of numeric types differ, depending on compiler & target machine. C arithmetic is not portable! sizeof(type): number of bytes used by the type <limits.h>: contains constants giving max & min values for the integer types <float.h>: constants relating to floating-point types Look at sizes.c... 17

18 printf The >> operator is part of C++, not C. To write characters to the screen (standard output), use the printf function. Simple use to write a message: printf("hello, world\n"); Ending with \n is important: no equivalent of Java's println. 18

19 printf Conversion Specifications To include the value of a variable in output, use special conversion codes in first parameter: %d: integer (d for "decimal", not "double"!) %u: unsigned int %ld: long %lu: unsigned long %f: float or double %c: single character %s: string Example: int x =...; float y =...; printf("the answers are %d and %f\n", x, y); 19

20 printf Field Widths May put minimum field width after a %: printf("%5d\n", num); pads with left blanks if necessary For float and double, may also specify a precision: printf("%8.2f\n", x); Means: use a minimum of 8 characters total. Last three digits are decimal point + exactly 2 digits after the decimal. 20

21 scanf Reads from the standard input. Conversion specifications similar to print, not exactly the same! type printf scanf char %c %c int %d %d float %f %f double %f %lf Return value from scanf: EOF if hit end of file otherwise, number of values read 21

22 C Functions and Program Structure Reading: Chapter 4 of C text You may skip Section 4.7 (register variables) Included in this sub-topic: functions, parameters and return results multi-file programs the C preprocessor (no macros with arguments) 22

23 Functions Functions in C very similar to Java/C++ All parameters are passed by value (no "ref" parameters in C) 23

24 main Function A C program must have a main function. Optional parameters to main: later (command-line args) Return type of main is int: return status. Good practice when writing C programs that may be run in Linux: return 0 for success, non-zero for error aborts experiment with hello.c... 24

25 Order of Declarations In C, every function & variable must be declared before it is used. In smallfunc.c, defined functions in convenient order: each function fully defined before called. Not always possible or convenient: mutual recursion preferences about order of functions in files separate compilation 25

26 Declaration vs. Definition Declaration of function tells you: name of function return types number and types of parameters A specification: not how the function works but how to use it. Declaration == header only Sometimes called a "forward declaration" Definition of function: full definition, including the body. All details of how the function works. Includes repetition of information from declaration. Definition = header + body Change smallfunc.c to separate declarations & definitions of functions. 26

27 Global Variables Variables defined outside any functions. Must be declared before use. Use with caution: can make program much less readable! Example: add global count & accuracy to smallfuncs.c 27

28 Two phases of C compilation: The C Pre-processor source code pre-processor modified source code compiler object code 28

29 Pre-Processor Language Every line starting with "#" is a command to the pre-processor. Important: Pre-processor syntax C syntax! To run pre-processor by itself: cpp P <filename> 29

30 #define (note: We're skipping macros with arguments section 6.3.3) #include #undef #if #ifdef #ifndef #else #elif #endif Pre-Processor Directives examples... 30

31 Notes and Reminders #include's can nest to any depth Preprocessor will complain if you define something that's already defined use #undef first (or check with #ifdef) #if/#ifdef useful to comment out a block of code temporarily (avoids problems with nested comments) #if & #ifdef also useful to implement different "modes" for example debugging and non-debugging mode, or linux and Windows mode arithmetic in #if expressions is integer arithmetic #include <filename>: look in system directories #include "filename": look in current directory 31

32 Separating Programs Into Files Java: very simple, by classes. C: program is a sequence of definitions (mostly functions) separate definitions into multiple files no automatic scheme for where to find functions 32

33 Why Multiple Files? 1. Large programs: faster compilation *** 2. Logical organization related definitions grouped together 3. Library files definitions useful in more than one program *** Goal: be able to compile each file separately. Later, link compiled portions of program together. 33

34 Usual Style module.h: void func1(int x); int func2(float y); program.c: #include "module.h"... int main() {.. func1(17); z = func2(3.4); } /* end main */ module.c: void func1(int x) {... (function body) } int func2(float y) {... (function body) } 34

35 To Compile One File a Partial Program gcc Wall c module.c Output is module.o: object code machine code with some pieces unspecified (i.e. references to other parts of the program) 35

36 To Link a Program Together Can use gcc to link several object files together: gcc o program file1.o file2.o file3.o executable file created by combining all the object code & resolving references between them 36

37 Demonstration Silly program: Alien life simulation Aliens reproduce by splitting into two immature aliens (children). Children take a year to grow up. No death from old age, but accidental death is possible Program is in one file. Goal: divide into three files: input functions random number functions main simulation code 37

38 Possible Changes to Demo Program 1. Make getboolean case-insensitive local affects internals only, not interface changes to input.c, not input.h recompile input.c only 2. Second parameter to getint lower bound changes to interface of getint, not just internals files changed: input.h, input.c, aliensim.c must recompile input.c and aliensim.c no need to recompile random.c 38

39 Arrays (quick preview) To create an array of 20 integers: int nums[20]; Things to note: no "new" array elements are not initialized no ".size" example: arrays.c 39

40 Pre-Processor Definitions with gcc gcc -DNAME=VALUE program.c Caution: if NAME is already defined in program.c you'll get a warning. 40

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