!"#$%&'()*+,'(-.'*+/*'01+!"#$%&'(2+)(3+4.'#$22$2
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- Allen King
- 6 years ago
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1 !"#$%&'()*+,'(-.'*+/*'01+!"#$%&'(2+)(3+4.'#$22$2!"#$%&'()*+,-./01-*(+-(!-23/+4,("56+426!"#$%&'$(%)( (!:(;,466-/. 1,'(-.'*+/*'0 4.'#$22'.2+3'+'(*>+'($+-=8(?1 9(64F/4*04(-G(A*6+,/01-*6>(-*4(9+(9( ).-6%7 8(2-9 8(2- : 8(2- ; < 8(2- ( 52=6-3'0(7 2
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
3 !"#$%&'(2 B(+13!145"#+82+)+-.)(2D$.+'D+#'(-.'*+-'+-=$+OI+8(+.$2%'(2$+-'+2'A$+ 161#$++P8Q$QR+#=)(?$+8(+%.'#$22'.+2-)-$S 7.1%'+%"! #$' FU#6..$(- FU($"- 13!145"# '%1$<%#'$"'=>!<%%1#$ %1$<%#'$"'=>#13$ 0?"%$ 13!145"#'4%"!1../#: T>+13!145"#',0#;&1% 5 F(-$..6%-+V$#-'.2!"#$%&'( n-1... #'3$+D'.++ $"#$%&'(+=)(3*$.+Z #'3$+D'.+ $"#$%&'(+=)(3*$.+9 #'3$+D'. $"#$%&'(+=)(3*$.+: QQQ #'3$+D'.+ $"#$%&'(+=)(3*$.+([9!)#=+->%$+'D+$L$(-+=)2+)+ 6(8W6$+$"#$%&'(+(6AT$.+X X+Y+8(3$"+8(-'+$"#$%&'(+-)T*$+ P)QXQ)Q+8(-$..6%-+L$#-'.S N)(3*$.+X+82+#)**$3+$)#=+&A$+ $"#$%&'(+X+'##6.2 6
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
5 options) </*01-*(open(4C40/+46(656+42(09BB(A*6+,/01-*(int 0804d070 < libc_open>: d082: cd 80 int $0x80 804d084: 5b pop %ebx %'+%"! (- %'% 13!145"# %1$<%#. Q"(2/6+(^*.(-,(0,49+4(^B4>(K4+(A+(,49.5(G-,(,49.A*K(-,(=,A1*K ]4+/,*6(A*+4K4,(^B4(.460,A3+-, (3-,1-*(D39K4E(-G(/64,H6(242-,5( A6(0/,,4*+B5(-*(.A6M int a[1000]; main () a[500] = 13; 80483b7: c d d movl $0xd,0x8049d10 7.1%'+%"! A'L* 13!145"#A'40:1'*0<&$ %1$<%#. B%10$1'40:1'0#;' &"0;'/#$"'212"%-?9K4(89*.B4,(2/6+(B-9.(39K4(A*+-(3856A09B(242-,5 10
6 /)6*-+!")A%*$1+F(L)*83+\$A'.>+]$D$.$(#$ int a[1000]; main () a[5000] = 13; 80483b7: c e d movl $0xd,0x804e %'+%"! A'L* 13!145"#A'40:1'*0<&$ ;1$1!$'/#60&/;'0;;%1.../:#0&'4%"!1..?9K4(89*.B4,( (A*L9BA.(9..,466 11!"#$%&'(+@)T*$+FB;:+P!"#$.%-S 34-*!5#6'70&2*" 8*(-"9!5#6 34-*!5#6':.%(( Z H8L83$+$..'. /)6*- 9; ^$($.)*+%.'-$#&'(+D)6*- /)6*- 9_ 4)?$+D)6*- /)6*- 9` \)#=8($+#=$#X BT'.- ;:[9:a OI[3$b($3 F(-$..6%-+'.+-.)% 9:`+PZ"`ZS 9:c[:dd OI[3$b($3 F(-$..6%-+'.+-.)%,=$#X+@)T*$+e[91 =f%1gg3'0(*')3q8(-$*q#'ag3$28?(g%.'#$22'.ga)(6)*2g:d;eedq%3d 12
7 4.'#$22$2 H$b(8&'(1+B+4%"! )(+8(2-)(#$+'D+)+.6((8(?+%.'?.)AQ Q*4(-G(+84(2-6+(3,-G-/*.(A.496(A*(0-23/+4,(60A4*04 S-+(+84(6924(96(X3,-K,92Y(-,(X3,-0466-,Y 4.'#$22+%.'L83$2+$)#=+%.'?.)A+08-=+-0'+X$>+)T2-.)#&'(21 _-KA09B(0-*+,-B(P-= O908(3,-K,92(64426(+-(89L4(4C0B/6AL4(/64(-G(29A*(242-,5 N'0+).$+-=$2$+F**628'(2+A)8(-)8($3h?,-0466(4C40/1-*6(A*+4,B49L4.(D2/B1+96MA*KE(-,(,/*(-*(6439,9+4(0-,46 [..,466(639046(29*9K4.(J5(LA,+/9B(242-,5( =4HBB(+9BM(9J-/+(+8A6(A*(9(0-/3B4(-G(=44M6 E'02+'L$.*)%+8(+&A$ O-=$.082$R+-=$>+).$+.1D<1#50&!")A%*$2+P.6((8(?+'(+28(?*$+#'.$S1!-*0/,,4*+'([(`(;>([(`(! "4F/4*19B'(;(`(! +%"!1..'E +%"!1..'F 14
8 C2$.+V8$0+'D+,'(#6..$(-+4.'#$22$2,'(-.'*+E'02+D'.+#'(#6..$(-+%.'#$22$2+).$+%=>28#)**>+382i'8(-+ 8(+&A$ N'0$L$.R+0$+#)(+-=8(X+'D+#'(#6..$(-+%.'#$22$2+).$+.6((8(?+ +%"!1..'E +%"!1..'F +%"!1..'B 15,'(-$"-+I08-#=8(? 4.'#$22$2+).$+A)()?$3+T>+)+2=).$3+#=6(X+'D+OI+#'3$+ #)**$3+-=$+G1%#1& )23-,+9*+'(+84(M4,*4B(A6(*-+(9(6439,9+4(3,-0466>(J/+(,9+84,(,/*6(96(39,+( -G(6-24(/64,(3,-0466,'(-.'*+E'0+%)22$2+D.'A+'($+%.'#$22+-'+)('-=$.+L8)+)+!"#$13$'.)/$!, +%"!1..'E 62$.+#'3$ X$.($*+#'3$ 62$.+#'3$ X$.($*+#'3$ 62$.+#'3$!"#$13$'.)/$!,!"#$13$'.)/$!, 16
9 fork1+,.$)&(?+j$0+4.'#$22$2 int fork(void) 0,49+46(9(*4=(3,-0466(D08AB.(3,-0466E(+89+(A6(A.4*109B(+-(+84(09BBA*K( 3,-0466(D39,4*+(3,-0466E,4+/,*6(a(+-(+84(08AB.(3,-0466,4+/,*6(08AB.H6(pid(+-(+84(39,4*+(3,-0466 pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); /'.X+82+8(-$.$2&(?+P)(3+'k$(+#'(D628(?S+T$#)62$ #)**$3+"#!1'T6-+.$-6.(2+$)/!1 17 C(3$.2-)(38(?+D'.X +%"!1..'# pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); B,/&;'+%"!1..'2 pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) %83+Y+A printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); %83+Y+Z pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("hello from child\n"); else printf("hello from parent\n"); hello from parent H,/!,'"#1'/.'@%.$I hello from child 18
10 /'.X+!")A%*$+l9 4).$(-+)(3+#=8*3+T'-=+.6(+2)A$+#'3$ \A61*K/A68(39,4*+(G,-2(08AB.(J5(,4+/,*(L9B/4(G,-2(fork I-).-+08-=+2)A$+2-)-$R+T6-+$)#=+=)2+%.8L)-$+#'%> )*0B/.A*K(689,4.(-/+3/+(^B4(.460,A3+-, ]4B91L4(-,.4,A*K(-G(+84A,(3,A*+( *+6(/*.4^*4. void fork1() int x = 1; pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) printf("child has x = %d\n", ++x); else printf("parent has x = %d\n", --x); printf(" from process %d with x = %d\n", getpid(), x); 19 /'.X+!")A%*$+l: m'-=+%).$(-+)(3+#=8*3+#)(+#'(&(6$+d'.x8(? void fork2() printf("l0\n"); fork(); printf("l1\n"); fork(); printf("\n"); L0 L1 L1 20
11 /'.X+!")A%*$+l; m'-=+%).$(-+)(3+#=8*3+#)(+#'(&(6$+d'.x8(? void fork3() printf("l0\n"); L2 fork(); printf("l1\n"); fork(); printf("l2\n"); fork(); printf("\n"); L1 L2 L2 L0 L1 L2 21 /'.X+!")A%*$+l_ m'-=+%).$(-+)(3+#=8*3+#)(+#'(&(6$+d'.x8(? void fork4() printf("l0\n"); if (fork()!= 0) printf("l1\n"); if (fork()!= 0) printf("l2\n"); fork(); printf("\n"); L0 L1 L2 22
12 /'.X+!")A%*$+ld m'-=+%).$(-+)(3+#=8*3+#)(+#'(&(6$+d'.x8(? void fork5() printf("l0\n"); if (fork() == 0) printf("l1\n"); if (fork() == 0) printf("l2\n"); fork(); printf("\n"); L0 L2 L1 23 exit1+!(38(?+)+%.'#$22 void exit(int status) 4CA+6(9(3,-0466 S-,29BB5(,4+/,*(=A+8(6+9+/6(a atexit()*,4ka6+4,6(g/*01-*6(+-(j4(4c40/+4.(/3-*(4ca+ void cleanup(void) printf("cleaning up\n"); void fork6() atexit(cleanup); fork(); exit(0); 24
13 n'at8$2 F3$) b84*(3,-0466(+4,2a*9+46>(61bb(0-*6/246(656+42(,46-/,046 c9,a-/6(+9jb46(29a*+9a*4.(j5(q"!9bb4.(9(xn-2ja4y _ALA*K(0-,364>(89BG(9BAL4(9*.(89BG(.49. ]$)%8(??4,G-,24.(J5(39,4*+(-*(+4,2A*9+4.(08AB.?9,4*+(A6(KAL4*(4CA+(6+9+/6(A*G-,291-* d4,*4b(.a609,.6(3,-0466 o=)-+8d+%).$(-+3'$2(p-+.$)%h )G(9*5(39,4*+(+4,2A*9+46(=A+8-/+(,493A*K(9(08AB.>(+84*(08AB.(=ABB(J4(,4934.(J5(init(3,-0466 "->(-*B5(*44.(4C3BA0A+(,493A*K(A*(B-*K#,/**A*K(3, :K:>(684BB6(9*.(64,L4,6 25 n'at8$!")a%*$ linux>./forks 7 & [1] 6639 Running Parent, PID = 6639 Terminating Child, PID = 6640 linux> ps PID TTY TIME CMD 6585 ttyp9 00:00:00 tcsh 6639 ttyp9 00:00:03 forks 6640 ttyp9 00:00:00 forks <defunct> 6641 ttyp9 00:00:00 ps linux> kill 6639 [1] Terminated linux> ps PID TTY TIME CMD 6585 ttyp9 00:00:00 tcsh 6642 ttyp9 00:00:00 ps void fork7() if (fork() == 0) /* Child */ printf("terminating Child, PID = %d\n", getpid()); exit(0); else printf("running Parent, PID = %d\n", getpid()); while (1) ; /* Infinite loop */ ps(68-=6(08ab.(3,-0466(96( X.4G/*0+Y dabba*k(39,4*+(9bb-=6(08ab.(+-(j4(,4934.(j5(init 26
14 j'(-$.a8()&(?,=8*3+!")a%*$ linux>./forks 8 Terminating Parent, PID = 6675 Running Child, PID = 6676 linux> ps PID TTY TIME CMD 6585 ttyp9 00:00:00 tcsh 6676 ttyp9 00:00:06 forks 6677 ttyp9 00:00:00 ps linux> kill 6676 linux> ps PID TTY TIME CMD 6585 ttyp9 00:00:00 tcsh 6678 ttyp9 00:00:00 ps void fork8() if (fork() == 0) /* Child */ printf("running Child, PID = %d\n", getpid()); while (1) ; /* Infinite loop */ else printf("terminating Parent, PID = %d\n", getpid()); exit(0);!8ab.(3,-0466(61bb(901l4(4l4*(+8-/k8( 39,4*+(896(+4,2A*9+4. e/6+(mabb(4c3ba0a+b5>(-,(4b64(=abb(m443(,/**a*k(a*.4^*a+4b5 27 wait1+i>(#=.'(8q8(?+08-=+,=8*3.$( int wait(int *child_status) 6/634*.6(0/,,4*+(3,-0466(/*1B(-*4(-G(A+6(08AB.,4*(+4,2A*9+46,4+/,*(L9B/4(A6(+84(pid(-G(+84(08AB.(3,-0466(+89+(+4,2A*9+4. AG(child_status*!= NULL>(+84*(+84(-JT40+(A+(3-A*+6(+-(=ABB(J4(64+(+-(( 9(6+9+/6(A*.A091*K(=85(+84(08AB.(3,-0466(+4,2A*
15 wait1+i>(#=.'(8q8(?+08-=+,=8*3.$( void fork9() int child_status; if (fork() == 0) printf("hc: hello from child\n"); else printf("hp: hello from parent\n"); wait(&child_status); printf("ct: child has terminated\n"); printf("\n"); exit(); HC HP CT 29 wait()+!")a%*$ 6+9+/6 void fork10() pid_t pid[n]; int i; int child_status; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) exit(100+i); /* Child */ for (i = 0; i < N; i++) pid_t wpid = wait(&child_status); if (WIFEXITED(child_status)) printf("child %d terminated with exit status %d\n", wpid, WEXITSTATUS(child_status)); else printf("child %d terminate abnormally\n", wpid); 30
16 waitpid()1+o)8&(?+d'.+)+i%$#8b#+4.'#$22 waitpid(pid, &status, options) 6/634*.6(0/,,4*+(3,-0466(/*1B(6340A^0(3,-0466(+4,2A*9+46 L9,A-/6(-31-*6(D644(+4C+J--ME void fork11() pid_t pid[n]; int i; int child_status; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) exit(100+i); /* Child */ for (i = N-1; i >= 0; i--) pid_t wpid = waitpid(pid[i], &child_status, 0); if (WIFEXITED(child_status)) printf("child %d terminated with exit status %d\n", wpid, WEXITSTATUS(child_status)); else printf("child %d terminated abnormally\n", wpid); 31 execve:+m')38(?+)(3+]6((8(?+4.'?.)a2 int execve( char *filename, char *argv[], char *envp[] ) M')32+)(3+.6(2+8(+#6..$(-+%.'#$221 OC40/+9JB4(filename ba+8(9,k/24*+(ba6+(argv [*.(4*LA,-*24*+(L9,A9JB4(BA6+ envp H'$2+('-+.$-6.(+P6(*$22+$..'.S OL$.0.8-$2+#'3$R+3)-)R+)(3+2-)#X M4436(3A.>(-34*(^B46(9*.(6AK*9B(0-*+4C+!(L8.'(A$(-+L).8)T*$21 X*924gL9B/4Y(6+,A*K6 getenv and putenv j6**[-$.a8()-$3 $(L+L).+2-.8(?2 j6**[-$.a8()-$3 #A3+*8($+).?+2-.8(?2 6(62$3 $(L%r(s+YY+jCMM $(L%r([9s < $(L%rZs ).?Lr).?#s+YY+jCMM ).?Lr).?#[9s < ).?LrZs M8(X$.+L).2 $(L% ).?L ).?# I-)#X+D.)A$+D'.+ main 9$0!G'?"J"2 9$0!G'$"4 environ 32
17 execve+!")a%*$ if ((pid = Fork()) == 0) /* Child runs user job */ if (execve(argv[0], argv, environ) < 0) printf("%s: Command not found.\n", argv[0]); exit(0); argv ).?Lr).?#s+Y+jCMM ).?Lr).?#[9s < ).?LrZs /usr/include -lt ls environ $(L%r(s+Y+jCMM $(L%r([9s < $(L%rZs PWD=/usr/bressoud PRINTER=olin219 USER=bressoud 33 I6AA).>!"#$%&'(2 OL4*+6(+89+(,4F/A,4(*-*6+9*.9,.(0-*+,-B(P-= h4*4,9+4.(4c+4,*9bb5(da*+4,,/3+6e(-,(a*+4,*9bb5(d+,936(9*.(g9/b+6e 4.'#$22$2 [+(9*5(KAL4*(124>(656+42(896(2/B13B4(901L4(3, Q*B5(-*4(09*(4C40/+4(9+(9(124(-*(9(6A*KB4(0-,4>(+8-/K8 O908(3,-0466(93349,6(+-(89L4(+-+9B(0-*+,-B(-G( 3,-0466-,(i(3,AL9+4(242-,5(
18 I6AA).>+P#'(-QS I%)0(8(?+%.'#$22$2!9BB(fork Q*4(09BB>(+=-(,4+/,*6 4.'#$22+#'A%*$&'(!9BB(exit Q*4(09BB>(*-(,4+/,* ]$)%8(?+)(3+0)8&(?+D'.+4.'#$22$2!9BB(wait(-,(waitpid M')38(?+)(3+.6((8(?+4.'?.)A2!9BB(execve(D-,(L9,A9*+E Q*4(09BB>(D*-,29BB5E(*-(,4+/,* 35
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