Lecture 2: C Programming Basic

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1 ECE342 Introduction to Embedded Systems Lecture 2: C Programming Basic Ying Tang Electrical and Computer Engineering Rowan University 1

2 Facts about C C was developed in 1972 in order to write the UNIX operating system C is more "low level" than other high level languages (good for MCU programming) C is supported by compilers for a wide variety of MCU architectures C is usually easier and faster for writing code than assembly language 2

3 Code Data Flow C Source Files.c C Compiler.h C Header File Assembly Source Files (.asm or.s).s Compiler Driver Program Assembly Source Files (.asm or.s).s Assembler Archiver (Librarian).o Object Files Executable Object File Libraries (Archives) (.lib or.a).a Linker.hex Linker Script (.lkr or.gld).gld.cof COFF Debug File Code Composer Debug Tool 3

4 Preprocessor Directives Header File #include <stdio.h> #define PI int main(void) { float radius, area; //Calculate area of circle Constant Declaration (Text Substitution Macro) Variable Declarations Comment Function } Printf( enter the radius\n ); Scanf( %d,&radius); area = PI * radius * radius; printf("area = %f", area); 4

5 # include Directive A directive to the C preprocessor : Line beginning with # are processed by the preprocessor before the program is compiled 5

6 main (void) Before 6

7 main (void) After The parentheses after main indicate that main is a program building block called a function Every program in C begins executing at the function main Functions can return information. The keyword int to the left of main indicates that main returns an integer (whole number) value A left brace, {, begins the body of every function. A corresponding right brace ends each function. This pair of braces and the portion of the program between the braces is called a block 7

8 printf () Everything printed verbatim within string except %d's which are replaced by the argument values from the list. Every statement must end with a semicolon (also known as the statement terminator) 8

9 9

10 Escape sequence 10

11 Data Types Note: an int can vary between compilers (from 8 bits to 32 bits) 11

12 Data Type (cont.) All of those are defined in stdint.h that comes with most compilers 12

13 Data Type (cont.) 13

14 Integer Literals 14

15 Data Type (cont.) Strings: an special case of arrays It declared without a dimension, the null character is automatically appended to the end of the string 15

16 Operators 16

17 Operators (cont.) In many expressions, the type of one operand will be temporarily "promoted" to the larger type of the other operand A smaller data type will be promoted to the largest type in the expression for the duration of the operation 17

18 Operators (cont.) 18

19 Operators (cont.) 19

20 Operators (cont.) 20

21 Operators (cont.) 21

22 Operators (cont.) 22

23 Operators (cont.) Logical Shift Right (Zero Fill) If x is UNSIGNED (unsigned char in this case): x = 250; // x = 0b = 250 y = x >> 2; // y = 0b = 62 Arithmetic Shift Right (Sign Extend) If x is SIGNED (char in this case): x = -6; // x = 0b = -6 y = x >> 2; // y = 0b = -2 Equivalent Operator?? 23

24 Operators (cont.) Conditional operator Conditional operator may be used to conditionally assign a value to a variable 24

25 Memory Concept Variable names such as radius and area actually correspond to locations in the computer s memory. Every variable has a name, a type and a value Example Scanf( %d,&radius); When the statement is executed, the value typed by the user is placed into a memory location to which the name radius has been assigned radius area

26 Operators (cont.) 26

27 Operators (cont.) 27

28 Operators (cont.) 28

29 Operators (cont.) Operators grouped together in a section have the same precedence conflicts within a section are handled via the rules of associativity 29

30 Operators (cont.) 30

31 Operators (cont.) 31

32 Statements for Decision Making/Looping If Else 32

33 Statements for Decision Making/Looping CASE 33

34 Statements for Decision Making/Looping While Loop or Do While Loop 34

35 Statements for Decision Making/Looping For Loop 35

36 Break and Continue The break and continue statements are used to alter the flow of control The break statement, when executed in a while, for, do while or switch statement, causes an immediate exit from that statement The continue statement, when executed in a while, for or do while statement, skips the remaining statements in the body of that control statement and performs the next iteration of the loop 36

37 Break and Continue 37

38 Break and Continue 38

39 C is a Structured or Modular Programming A C main () can call a series of functions to complete tasks 39

40 40

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