Programming Principles and Techniques

Transcription

1 Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 1 of 11

2 Table of Contents Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 2 of 11

3 Application Software Assembler American Standard Code for Information Interchange Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Algorithm Array Enables the end-user to perform specific tasks, such as word processing and image manipulation. A program that translates the low level machine operation into the machine language. Referred to as ASCII. It is used for storing data in a byte. Processes the data using arithmetic and logical operators. Logical and concise list of steps required in solving a problem. Defined as a collection of elements of same type that is referenced by a common name. Basic Input Output System Binary operator Binary search Boolean data type Bubble sort Referred to as BIOS. It is a microchip that stores instructions, such as Power On Self Test (POST) in a predetermined memory address. Operator that requires two operands. A type of search algorithm. The sorted array is initially split into two halves. The desired element is compared with the value in the middle element. If it is not found, the left half of the array or the right half of the array is searched, depending on whether the value to be searched for is smaller or bigger than the middle element. It consists of either of the two values, True or False. Some languages use zero for False and some non-zero value for True. A type of sort algorithm. In this, the values of the elements are compared with the value in the adjacent element. If it is smaller, swapping takes place. In this manner, the smaller elements bubble up, and at the end, the array is sorted. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 3 of 11

4 Computer Cathode Ray Tube Monitor Cloud Computing An electronic device that accepts the raw data, processes the data and generates the output. A square-shaped monitor that is typically placed on a desktop. Enables convenient and on-demand access to resources, such as servers, storage, applications, and services through the network. Translates the source code into the object code. Compiler Construct A set of instructions or steps in a program/pseudocode. Counter variable A type of variable used to keep track of the number of times a particular operation has been performed in a loop. Desktop Data Data Flow Diagram Decision Table A computer that is not portable and is designed to fit on the desk. Defined as a collection of numbers, texts, or symbols used as input to a computer. A modeling technique used for building information processes. Summarizes complicated decision procedures in a diagram. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 4 of 11

5 Expression Combination of an operator and its operand. Flash Memory Flowchart File Flag variable Function Designed to store data that can be easily erased and new data can be added. A graphical representation of an algorithm. It charts the flow of instructions or activities in a process. Each such activity is depicted using symbols. Collection of correlated data or collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device. This is a variable that is generally of Boolean type. They are most often used for testing conditions in loops. A set of statements, which perform a specific task. Functions may or may not return a value. Grid Computing Utilizing the resources of multiple computers on a network for solving a problem or reaching a common goal. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 5 of 11

6 Hard Disk Drive HIPO Chart A non-volatile storage device that stores data. It can store large amount of data that is transferred between the disk and memory. A tool that is used to analyze a problem and visualize a solution using the top-down approach. Interpreter Initialization Index Translates high-level instructions into an intermediate language that the machine can understand. It is the process of assigning some initial value to a variable. It indicates the array element, which is to be accessed. The array index generally starts at 0. Keyboard Keyword An input device that contains numbers, letters, and other special characters. It is used for typing text. All languages reserve certain words for their internal use. These words hold a special meaning within the context of the particular language, and are referred to as 'keywords'. While naming variables we need to ensure that we do not use one of these keywords as a variable name. Refer to Appendix B for the list of keywords in the C language. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 6 of 11

7 Laptop Liquid Crystal Display Monitor Linear search Loop A lightweight and portable computer that provides all the functionalities of desktop computers. A flat portable monitor capable of displaying images with more colors and better clarity. In linear search, the element is searched by traversing through the entire array. Minicomputer A midsized computer that is smaller to a mainframe computer with respect to speed, performance, and storage capacity. Microcomputer A personal computer designed for individual users. Monitor A visual display unit that can be used to view the output. Mouse Mnemonic Microphone Maintenance A pointing device that accepts inputs through a pointer displayed on the screen. It has two buttons on the left and right sides and a scrolling wheel in the middle. Represents low level machine operation or opcode. An audio input device that converts sound into an electrical signal. Routine tasks that may be required to be performed on the software after certain intervals. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 7 of 11

8 Organic Light Emitting Display Monitor Optical Disk Drive Operand Operator A monitor that is much thinner and brighter than LCD or Plasma screens. Uses laser lights or electromagnetic waves to read and write data from optical discs. The value upon which the operator acts. Symbols that perform some sort of operation upon data. PDA Processor Plasma Monitor Printer Plotter Projector Pseudocode Referred to as palmtop computer or a pocket PC, is a handheld miniature computer. Executes all processes and instructions supplied by memory unit. A flat panel that is mostly used with TVs. Helps to generate a hard copy to the output on paper. Used for drawing large-scale images. An output device that projects a large version of the screen output on a flat surface. Representation of an algorithm in a form that can be easily translated into programming statements. Random Access Memory Read Only Memory A type of memory that stores all the instructions and data of the program. It is a volatile memory and is measured in bits and bytes. A type of memory, which contains in-built programs written into it by manufacturers. It is a non-volatile memory and retains the data stored in it. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 8 of 11

9 Server Supercomputer Software System Software Scanner Speaker Structured Programming Structure Charts Searching Sorting System Flowchart Structured walkthrough Sub-program Syntax Selection sort A dedicated machine in a network that shares data, resources, and applications with multiple users. A most expensive computer used by applications that require intensive numerical computations. Represents an organized collection of computer data and instructions. It is categorized as application and system software. Comprises programs that work together to make all the components of the PC work together as a single unit. An input device that scans images, printed text, or an object and converts it into digital image. Provides output in the form of audio to a computer user. An approach that applies a logical structure on a program to make it efficient and easier to understand and modify. A graphic representation of the decomposition of a problem. Refers to the operation of finding a specific data in a group of items. Arranges the elements of a list in a sorted order. Represents the data flow and sequence of operations in a system. A method of testing, in which the algorithm is presented to a group of peers. The group is expected to discuss the algorithm and point out any errors or inefficiencies in it. They also point out to better ways of arriving at the solution, if any. Most programming languages provide us a way of breaking a long, continuous program into a series of small-programs, each of which perform a specific task. These small-programs are known as Sub programs. Refers to the grammar of a programming language. In selection sort, the first element is compared with each of the elements. If any element is smaller than the first element, values are swapped. In the same manner, the second element is compared with the rest of the elements, and so on. In this way, all the elements are sorted. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 9 of 11

10 Tablet PC Touchscreen Monitor Top-down Testing A mobile computer having a touchscreen or pen-enabled interface. A monitor with a touch-sensitive screen that allows users to interact directly with the application on screen without a mouse or a keyboard. Process of dividing the overall task into smaller components. Process of validating, evaluating, and verifying the capability of a software program. Unified Modeling Language Unary operator User defined function Standardized modeling tool used in structured programming and object-oriented programming systems. An operator requiring a single operand. These are functions written by the programmers. Virtualization Variables Process of creating a virtual version of an OS, a server, or network resources. Named locations in memory. Programmers use variables to refer to the memory location where a particular value is to be stored. Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 10 of 11

11 Workstation Webcam A high-end system used by a single person or a system that accesses a service made available by a server. A camera attached to a computer. --- End of --- Aptech Ltd Version 1.0 Page 11 of 11