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1 6.189 D ay 6 Name: T urn in your written answers to 6.1 and 6.2, stapled to your printed code les, tomorrow at the start of lecture. R eadings How T o T hink L ike A C omputer Scientist, chapter 10. E x er cise 6. 1 { W ar mup: F inding B ugs T he following set of instructions were given to a beginning P ython student, and they produced the code below. F ind at least three bugs and say how to x them. I nstructions: Write a negat e function that takes a number and returns the negation of that number. A lso write a l ar ge numfunction that takes a number, and returns T rue if that number is bigger than 10000, and False otherwise. A dditionally, write some code to test your functions. def negat e( num) : r et ur n - num def l ar ge_num( num) : r es = ( num > 10000) negat e( b) neg_b = num pr i nt ' b: ', b, ' neg_b: ', neg_b bi g = l ar ge_num( b) pr i nt ' b i s bi g: ', bi g B ugs:

2 Exercise 6.2 Warmup: Mystery Program 1 print "Think of a number between 1 and 100, but don t tell me what you choose." 2 min_n = 1 3 max_n = right_answer = False 5 6 while not right_answer: 7 mid_n = (max_n + min_n + 1)/2 8 answer = raw_input( Is it + str(mid_n) +? ) 9 if answer[0] == y : 10 right_answer = True 11 elif answer.startswith( higher ): 12 min_n = mid_n elif answer.startswith( lower ): 14 max_n = mid_n else: 16 print "Sorry, I don t understand your answer." print Woohoo! I got it! 1. The while loop exits when the variable right answer is True. What will cause right answer to be true? 2. How many times will the program print out Woohoo! I got it!? 3. What are we using the variable answer for? 4. The program makes a guess in line 8. What user responses will be understood by the program after it makes its guess? 5. If the program gets the response higher, what does that tell it about its guess? 6. What are the variables min n, max n and mid n used for? This is an example of binary search, a simple but important algorithm in computer science. If you re curious, or confused, read the Wikipedia article on binary search to find out more and get a good explaination of what s going on here. 2

3 E x er cise 6. 3 { A ddit ional L ist P r act ice So far we have been using r aw i nput to get user input. For the remainder of this course we will move away from this function, instead writing functions that take in parameters as opposed to prompting the user for input. So, for this and all following problems, do not use r aw i nput unless ex plicit ly t old t o do so. Write a function l i s t i nt er s ect i on that takes two lists as parameters. Save your work in Day6. py. R eturn a list that gives the intersection of the two lists- ie, a list of elements that are common to both lists. R un the following test cases and make sure your results are the same ( order does not matter): >>> l i s t _i nt er s ect i on( [ 1, 3, 5], [ 5, 3, 1] ) [ 1, 3, 5] >>> l i s t _i nt er s ect i on( [ 1, 3, 6, 9], [ 10, 14, 3, 72, 9] ) [ 3, 9] >>> l i s t _i nt er s ect i on( [ 2, 4, 6], [ 1, 3, 5] ) [ ] E x er cise 6. 4 { A n I nt r oduct ion t o D ict ionar ies Q uick R efer ence D = f g creates an empty dictionary D = f key1: val ue1,... g creates a non-empty dictionary D[ key] returns the value thats mapped to by key. (W hat if there's no such key?) D[ key] = newval ue maps newvalue to key. Overwrites any previous value. del D[ key] deletes the mapping with that key from D. l en( D) returns the number of entries ( mappings) in D. x i n D, x not i n D checks whether the key x is in the dictionary D. Download the code framework called names ages. py from under, Day 6. R ead this le closely, and wherever it says \ Y OU R C ODE HE R E " - well, put your code there! Notice we have de ned two lists at the top of your le: NAMES = [ ' Al i ce', ' Bob', ' Cat hy', ' Dan', ' Ed', ' Fr ank', ' Gar y', ' Hel en', ' I r ene', ' J ack', ' Kel l y', ' Lar r y' ] AGES = [ 20, 21, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 19, 19, 19, 22, 19] T hese lists match up, so A lice's age is 20, B ob's age is 21, and so on. Write a function that combines these lists into a dictionary. T hen, write a function that, given an age, returns the names of all the people who are that age. T est your program' s functions by running these lines ( they are commented at the bottom of the code le; uncomment them to use them): pr i nt peopl e( 18) == [ ' Cat hy', ' Dan' ] pr i nt peopl e( 19) == [ ' Ed', ' Hel en', ' I r ene', ' J ack', ' Lar r y' ] pr i nt peopl e( 20) == [ ' Al i ce', ' Fr ank', ' Gar y' ] pr i nt peopl e( 21) == [ ' Bob' ] pr i nt peopl e( 22) == [ ' Kel l y' ] pr i nt peopl e( 23) == [ ] A ll lines should print T rue. I f the last line is giving you an error, look at the name of the error. 3

4 E x er cise 6.5 { M or e on D ict ionar ies Download the file inventory.py, under Day 6. T he le shows eight di erent items, each having a name, a price and a count, like so: HAMMER = ' hammer ' HAMMER_PRI CE = 10 HAMMER_COUNT = 100 We're going to consider that customers generally come in with an idea of how much money they want to spend. So we're going to think of items as either C HE A P (under $20), M ODE R AT E (between $20 and $100) or E X P E NSI V E (over $100). F irst, ll in the variable inventory so that all of the data for the eight items is inside inventory. T hen, implement the function get items that takes a cheapness and returns a list of information about each item that falls under that category, as the function s information says. Important: there should be a loop inside this function. Look at the comments in the code file you download from the webpage; they will help you structure your dictionary in a way that will make this function easier to write. When you re finished, uncomment the test cases and run the program. All of the testing lines should print True. Exercise 6.6 Palindromes (Tricky!) Note: This exercise is tricky! Please ask for help - we really won t think you re stupid for doing so! If you get stuck on it at home, just try your best and get some sleep! It is never good practice to be banging your head against a wall for hours. Visit us at office hours, and turn in whatever progress you can make. Write a function is palindrome which takes a string as parameter, and returns True if the string is a palindrome (meaning it is the same forwards as backwards), and False otherwise. Save your work in Day6.py. Some useful things to remember: Use the function len to find the length of the string. To get just a piece of the string, use the slice operator. For example: string = hello substr = string[1:-1] #sets substr to ell You can decide for yourself whether you want your function to correctly identify palindromes that have spaces (such as able was i ere i saw elba ) It is easiest to do this with a while loop, although there are a few different ways of structuring such a loop. Think about what conditions need to be met for a palindrome to be true, and when you can stop testing for one (hint: the words ana and anna are both palindromes; when do we know to stop checking?) 4

5 Exercise 6.7 Zeller s Algorithm, revisited Optional! If you don t remember what the problem was about, go back and look at problem set 1. Now, create a modular program by breaking the steps of the Zeller s algorithm up into seperate functions. Here is how your program should work (this program will need to use the raw input function): Enter your name: Chuck Norris Enter your date of birth (MMM-DD-YYYY): MAR Chuck Norris, your birthday fell on a Sunday. Hints: 1. Use a dictionary to map between the month and its numerical value. 2. You can use either a list or dictionary to convert the final output of the algorithm to the day of the week. 3. Make sure you handle the following three notes correctly. Note: If the month is January or February, then the preceding year is used for computation. This is because there was a period in history when March 1st, not January 1st, was the beginning of the year. Node: If the computed value of R is a negative number, add 7 to get a nonnegative number between 0 and 6. Note: To convert the string 90 to the number 90, int( 90 ). Save your work in a file zellers redux.py. If you turn it in, we ll take a look at it! 5

6 MIT OpenCourseWare A Gentle Introduction to Programming Using Python January (IAP) 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:

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