INTRODUCTION TO C++ C FORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT. Dept. of Electronic Engineering, NCHU. Original slides are from

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1 INTRODUCTION TO C++ C FORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT Original slides are from Dept. of Electronic Engineering, NCHU

2 Outline 2 printf and scanf Streams (input and output) gets, puts getchar, putchar

3 Formatting output with printf 4 Syntax printf("format control string", other arguments); Format control string could include Conversion specifications (begin with %) Flags Filed widths Precisions Literal characters Other arguments: optional Each one corresponds to a conversion specification

4 Example of printf 5 conversion specification int numdogs = 2, numcats = 1; printf("i have %d dogs and %d cats\n", numdogs, numcats); format control string argument

5 Printing integers 6 Positive, negative, and zero Integer conversion specification: %d: signed decimal integer %i: signed decimal integer (different from %d in scanf) %o: unsigned octal integer %u: unsigned decimal integer %x: unsigned hex integer (0-9, a-f) %X: unsigned hex integer (0-9, A-F) %h or %l: placed before any integer conversion specifier to indicate a short or long integer

6 Example of printing integer 7 01 /* Fig 9.2: fig09_02.c*/ 02 /* Using the integer conversion specifiers */ 03 #include <stdio.h> int main(void) 06 { 07 printf("%d\n", 455); 08 printf("%i\n", 455); 09 printf("%d\n", +455); 10 printf("%d\n", -455); 11 printf("%hd\n", 32000); 12 printf("%ld\n", L); 13 printf("%o\n", 455); 14 printf("%u\n", 455); 15 printf("%u\n", -455); 16 printf("%x\n", 455); 17 printf("%x\n", 455); 18 return 0; 19 } /* end main */ Output: L c7 1C7

7 Printing floating-point number 8 Floating point or exponential notation = x 10 2 = 1.532E2 Floating point conversion specification: %e or %E: Display floating-point in exponential notation %f: Display floating-point in fixed-point notation %g or %G: Display floating-point in either exponential or fixed-point based on the magnitude of the value %L: Placed before any floating-point conversion specifier to indicate a long double

8 Example of printing floating-point 9 01 /* Fig 9.4: fig09_04.c*/ 02 /* Printing with floating-point conversion specifiers */ 03 #include <stdio.h> int main(void) 06 { 07 printf("%e\n", ); 08 printf("%e\n", ); 09 printf("%e\n", ); 10 printf("%e\n", ); 11 printf("%f\n", ); 12 printf("%g\n", ); 13 printf("%g\n", ); return 0; 16 } /* end main */ Output: e e e E e E+006

9 Printing Strings and Characters 10 %c: Print character Single quotes for character constant ( z, a, or \n ) Print the first character of a string %s: printf("%c, string ); // output: s Print string Double quotes for strings ( z, string ) Can not print characters s s s s \0

10 Example of printing strings /* Fig 9.5: fig09_05.c*/ 02 /* Printing string and characters */ 03 #include <stdio.h> int main(void) 06 { 07 char ch = 'a'; /* char */ 08 char string[] = "This is a string."; /* char array */ 09 const char *stringptr = "Also a string"; /* char pointer */ printf("%c\n", ch); 12 printf("%s\n", "This is a string."); 13 printf("%s\n", string); 14 printf("%s\n", stringptr); return 0; 17 } /* end main */ a This is a string. This is a string. Also a string Output

11 Other conversion specifiers 12 %p Display the address of a pointer value %% Print a percent sign (%)

12 Printing with field widths 13 Size of field in which data is printed If the width is larger than data, default right justified If the field width is too small, it is increased to fit data Minus sign occupies one character in the field Integer width inserted between % and conversion specifier %4d: field width is 4 printf( print %4d, 23); p r i n t 2 3

13 Example of field widths 14 printf( %4d\n, 1); printf( %4d\n, 12); printf( %4d\n, 123); printf( %4d\n, 1234); printf( %4d\n, 12345); printf( %4d\n, -1); printf( %4d\n, -12); printf( %4d\n, -123); printf( %4d\n, -1234); printf( %4d\n, );

14 Printing with precision 15 Usage format % + dot (.) + precision number + conversion specifies Example: %.4d, %.4f Definition varies with data types For integer Minimal number of digits to print If data is too small, prefixed with zeros Example: printf( %.4d\n, 12); => ourput: 0012 For floating point Number of digits to appear after decimal Example: printf( %.4f\n, 12.34) => output: For string Maximum number of characters to be written from string

15 Example of precision 16 int i = 123; printf( %.4d\n%.9d\n, i, i); double f = ; printf( %.3f\n%.3e\n%.4g\n, f, f, f,); char s*+ = happy birthday ; printf( %.11s\n, s); e happy birth

16 Flags 17 Placed right after (%) Several flags may be combined Flag Description - Left justify the output + Display + in front of a positive value (space) Display a space in front of a positive value # Display 0 in front of an octal integer Display 0x or 0X in front of a hex integer 0 Pad a field with leading zeros

17 Example of flags 18 printf( %5d students\n, 100); printf( %-5d students\n, 100); printf( %05d students\n, 100); printf( %+d\n%d\n, 100, 100); printf( % d\n%d\n, 100, -100); printf( %#o\n, 1427); printf( %#x\n%#x\n, 1427, 1427); students students students x593 0X593

18 Escape sequences 19 Escape sequence Output \ Single quote ( ) \ Double quote ( ) \? Question mark (?) \\ Backslash (\) \a Bell \b Backspace (Move the cursor back one position) \f Move the cursor to the start of the next page \n Move the cursor to the next line \r Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line \t Move the cursor to the next horizontal tab position \v Move the cursor to the next vertical tab position

19 Formatting output with scanf 20 Syntax scanf("format control string", &var1, &var2, ); int a; scanf( %d, &a); // read integer double f; scanf( %lf, &f); // read double floating point char ch; scanf( %c, &ch); // read character char s[10]; scanf( %s, s); // read string (should notice the size of string )

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