Compilation 2014 Code Generation Issues
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1 Compilation 2014 Code Generation Issues Aslan Askarov Based on slides by E. Ernst
2 Administrativia November 28 guest lecture by Filip Sieczkowski (AU) Memory Models December 12 guest lecture by Kevin Millikin (G) Register allocation in JIT compilers The very last hand-in Putting it all together is due on December 10 No new functional requirements, just fix your bugs and resubmit
3 Code generation issues Until now we have discussed Tiger on an abstract platform In reality, it needs to run on a concrete one Need consider Concrete assembly language Calling conventions Transformation from abstract assembly to concrete assembly Note: no textbook reference here, but check out linked material on x86 assembly
4 The x86 assembly language Specifies machine instructions for a large family of CPUs we choose the 32 bit subfamily Only very little abstraction Symbolic addresses (crucial!) Choice among jumps (please ignore) Generation of meta/debug information (please ignore) Checks several things This is actually a MOVE (bit-pattern could mean anything) MUL is actually capable of operating on that register Syntax not standardized: we use AT&T syntax that is compatible with gcc inline code
5 The x86 assembly language Example instruction: move $-42, 8(%ebp) General format: <instr><s> <src>, <dst> <S> {b,s,w,l,q,t} specifies size (l: 32 bit) $ indicates literal number % indicates register o(%r1, %r2, n) means o + %r1 + %r2 * n Example label: mylabel gives the current address the name mylabel Example directives:.text.data.globl.ascii.asciz.size.func.type.endfunc
6 The x86 assembly language Assembler produces object file that contains segments (address ranges with a purpose) Segments containing runnable code:.text Segments containing initialized data:.data Remember to specify segment to fit purpose Specifying data:.ascii.asciz Metadata:.func.type.endfunc.size.globl For examples: check provided *.s
7 The x86 assembly language.text # PROCEDURE tigermain.globl tigermain.func tigermain.type tigermain: # FRAME tigermain(1 formals, 10 locals) pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $44, %esp # SP, FP, calleesaves, argregs have values L2_blocks: # x86gen:122 movl %ebp, -8(%ebp) # x86gen:246 x86frame:575 movl -8(%ebp), %ebx # x86gen:251 x86frame:367 addl $-4, %ebx # x86gen:251 x86frame:372 movl -28(%ebp), %eax # x86gen:117 x86frame:582 jmp L1_block_done # x86gen:172 L1_block_done: # FP, SP, RV, calleesaves still live leave ret.size tigermain,.-tigermain.endfunc # END tigermain # x86gen:122.data L0_string:.long 13.asciz "DefaultString"
8 The x86 assembly language A reasonable selection of instructions addl $17, %esp addl %eax, %ebx call Label cltd cmpl $17, %ecx cmpl %eax, %edx idivl %ebx imull %eax je Label jg Label jge Label jl Label jle Label jmp Label jne Label leave movl $17, %eax movl $Label, %eax movl %eax, %ebx movl %eax, 17(%ebp) movl %esp, %ebp movl 17(%ebp), %eax negl %eax pushl %eax pushl %ebp ret subl $17, %esp subl %eax, %ebx
9 Calling Convention (cdecl) For practical reasons, gcc is used to do linking includes startup symbols/code easy integration with C (e.g., runtime.c, showstack.c) convenient calling convention Must use gcc -static.. to allow debugging Avoid smart options (-fomit-frame-pointer) Conventions all parameters passed on stack ( push ) last parameter pushed first,.., return address last return value passed in %eax caller cleans up stack
10 Recall Tiger frame slots old FP (prev.frame)... arg_k... arg_1 staticlink returnaddr Memory[saved_FP], Memory[FP+4*(2+k)] Memory[FP+4*(2+1)] Memory[FP+8] Memory[FP+4] Memory[staticLink]? FP SP SP SP SP saved_fp localvar_1... localvar_m temp_1... temp_p... (args for next) Memory[FP] Memory[FP-4*1] Memory[FP-4*m] Memory[FP-4*(m+1)] Memory[FP-4*(m+p)] Memory[FP-who_cares] Top of frame: known early Bottom: known later
11 Calling Conventions at Work Consider an invocation of the function g(_) from the function f( ) Reverse-push parameters Push static link Call (clean up after return) L33_f: pushl %ebx pushl %ebp call L3_g addl $8, %esp Callee sets up stack frame ends by destructing it again L3_g: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $44, %esp leave ret
12 From Abstract to Concrete Assembly Maximal Munch will generate instructions, but abstract Abstract instructions: Like concrete ones, but using an unlimited supply of temporaries Register allocation: Reusing registers as much as possible, then spill We will just spill!
13 Generated Code Note dependencies: Each instruction uses some temporaries and defines others (or the same) munchstm (T.MOVE (T.TEMP t, T.CALL (T.NAME l, args))) = ( emit (A.OPER { assem = "\tcall " ^ S.name l, src = munchargs args, dst = F.calldefs, jump = NONE, doc = "x86gen:68"}) ; emit (freeargs (length args)) ; emit (moveinstr F.EAX t "70")) In 2-op instr. (e.g. addl), first src is implicit dependency emit (A.OPER { assem = "\taddl `s1, `d0", src = [r, munchexp e2] (* old-r used *), dst = [r], jump = NONE, doc = "x86gen:270"})
14 From Abstract to Concrete Assembly Actual source code examples: tigermain: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $44, %esp L2_blocks: movl %ebp, t111 addl $-4, t111 movl t111, t110 movl $0, t112 pushl t112 movl $10, t113 pushl t113 call initarray tigermain: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $44, %esp L2_blocks: movl %ebp, -8(%ebp) movl -8(%ebp), %ebx addl $-4, %ebx movl %ebx, -8(%ebp) movl -8(%ebp), %ebx movl %ebx, -20(%ebp) movl -12(%ebp), %ebx movl $0, %ebx movl %ebx, -12(%ebp) movl -12(%ebp), %ebx pushl %ebx movl -16(%ebp), %ebx movl $10, %ebx movl %ebx, -16(%ebp) movl -16(%ebp), %ebx pushl %ebx call initarray
15 Spilling: Basic Idea Starting point: instruction using input/output Use instead: same instruction, in/out via registers Add instructions to move data to/from those registers src bloopl dst src move R1 bloopl R2 move dst
16 Spilling: Implementation Starting point: instruction i using [s0], [] Use instead: A.OPER variant Add movl instruction to move data into fun expand (A.OPER {src=s0::ss, jump = SOME (j::js),...}) = raise Bug "Encountered OPER that uses temps and jumps" expand (i as (A.OPER {src=[], dst=[],...})) = [i] expand (i as A.OPER {assem, src=[s0], dst=[], jump, doc}) = if isregister s0 then [i] else (* s0 other temp *) [ A.OPER { assem = "\tmovl " ^ ofs s0 ^ "(%ebp), `d0", src = [], dst = [EBX], jump = NONE, doc = doc ^ " x86frame:265"}, A.OPER { assem = assem, src = [EBX], dst = [], jump = jump, doc = doc ^ " x86frame:270"}]
17 Spilling: Implementation Invariant maintained: Registers are initialized and used locally in snippet of code for one abstract instruction so there are no conflicts Note special casing with registers expand (i as A.OPER {assem, src=[s0], dst=[], jump, doc}) = if isregister s0 then [i] else (* s0 other temp *) [ A.OPER { assem = "\tmovl " ^ ofs s0 ^ "(%ebp), `d0", src = [], dst = [EBX], jump = NONE, doc = doc ^ " x86frame:265"}, A.OPER { assem = assem, src = [EBX], dst = [], jump = jump, doc = doc ^ " x86frame:270"}]
18 Summary Abstract platform (Jouette) now dropped Choice: x86, 32 bit Assembly language: safer than machine code Assembly instruction format, labels, directives The notion of a segment Actual assembly: check out test0?.s An example required set of instructions Calling conventions: cdecl Transformation abstract/concrete assembly code
19 References Assembly directives: see as manual Sign extension (CTLD):
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