CSE 1320 INTERMEDIATE PROGRAMMING - OVERVIEW AND DATA TYPES
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1 CSE 1320 INTERMEDIATE PROGRAMMING - OVERVIEW AND DATA TYPES Mingon Kang The University of Texas at Arlington C History ANSI C, also known C89(ANSI X ) and C90 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) ANSI: American National Standards Institute ISO: International Organization for Standardization C95 (ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995) Supports multi byte/wide character char sets C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999) One-line comments Intermingled variable declarations C11(ISO/IEC 9899:2011) Support Multi-threading Support Unicode (e.g., UTF-8) 1
2 Overview of Source code Components Comment Library declaration Variables Functions int main(void): a program starts from here User-defined functions C standard library provides very fundamental functions See overview.c in the course web 2
3 Comment Starts with /* symbol and ends with */ Can be anywhere in the source code A compiler ignores the block /* comment goes here */ // comment goes here This is not correct in C89 Or /* Author: Bill Gates * Purpose: To show a comment that spans multiple lines * Created on Aug */ Library declaration Declare libraries that need to load in the program C standard library User-defined library #include <library_name.h> Or #include library_name.h 3
4 C standard Library Specified in the ANSI C standard Provides macros, type definition, and functions for string handling, mathematical computation, input/output processing, memory allocation, and etc. C standard Library Name <stdio.h> <math.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <time.h> Description Defines core input and output functions Defines common mathematical functions. Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random numbers generation functions, memory allocation, process control functions Defines string handling functions. Defines date and time handling functions See 4
5 Functions Main() int main(void) int main(int argc, char **argv) User-defined function Functions that the C standard library provides E.g., printf: print formatted data to standard output Variables A name used to refer to a certain location in memory C programming requires that variables must be declared with the variable type int: an integer, typically reflecting the natural size of integers on the host machine char: a single byte, capable of holding one character float: single-precision floating point double: double-precision floating point Data Type Ranges: 5
6 Variables Data Types in C short (unsigned short) int (unsigned int) long (unsigned long) char float double Fundamentals of Computer Systems Bit: zero or one Morse Code, Punched Card, Electrical Switch, Two distinct Voltage or current levels 1 Byte = 8 bits historically for a single character A unit to access a memory Data can be accessed 8 bits or multiples of 8 bits at a time 16 bit vs 32 bits vs 64 bits computers? Processor registers (small amount of storage in a CPU) Data, Address, General purpose, Conditional, and so on.. 6
7 Character (1byte) ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description Space !! Exclamation mark # # Number $ $ Dollar % % Procenttecke n ASCII code Table: Zero One Two Three A A B B a &# b b Uppercase A Uppercase B Lowercase a Lowercase b 7
8 Integer 2 bytes in 16 bits systems 4 bytes in 32/64 bits systems Unsigned integer: 0 ~ 2 n 1 Signed integer (two's complement): 2 n 1 ~ 2 n 1 1 Integer: Two s complement: Float: single-precision floating-point format A bit for sign (0: positive, 1: negative) 8 bits for exponent 23 bits for fraction 8
9 Double: double-precision floating-point format Print formatted data printf function from <stdio.h> int printf (char * format, ); Specified character at format d : signed decimal integer u : unsigned decimal integer f : decimal floating point e : scientific notation (e.g., e+2) c : character s : string of characters 9
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