public : int min, hour ; T( ) //here constructor is defined inside the class definition, as line function. { sec = min = hour = 0 ; }
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1 . CONSTRUCTOR If the name of the member function of a class and the name of class are same, then the member function is called constructor. Constructors are used to initialize the object of that class type with legal initial values. We must keep in mind that if a class has a constructor, each object of that class type must be declared before its use. Ex: class Fancy{ private : int tango ; float price ; Fancy( ) { tango = 111 ; price = ; ; Note: Constructors and destructors have no return type, not even void. NEED FOR CONSTRUCTORS A constructor for a class is required so that the compiler automatically initialize an object as soon as it is created. A constructor is called, or executed when the object of that class-type is created. DECLARATION AND DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTOR We know that a function member of a class can be defined either inside or outside the class definition. Since, a constructor is a function member, therefore the constructor cab be defined inside or outside the class definition, as in given in the following code-fragments : 1 class T { int sec ; int min, hour ; T( ) //here constructor is defined inside the class definition, as line function. { sec = min = hour = 0 ; ; 2 class T { int sec ; int min, hour ; T( ) //only declaration of constructor i.e. prototype. ; //class definition over. T : : T( ) //constructor defined outside. { sec = min = hour = 0 ; Page-1
2 . As a general rule, a constructor is defined under public label, so that its object can be created in any function. However, a constructors can also be defined under private or protected label, but in that case objects cannot be created in a non member function. DEFAULT CONSTRUCTORS Default constructor is a constructor without any parameter (i.e., list of arguments). In the previous code given above, T : : T( ) is a default constructor. For a class without constructor the compiler defines a default constructor implicitly. The default constructor so created by compiler does not do any special thing. It simply allocates memory to the data members of objects. PARAMETERIZED CONSTRUCTORS A constructor with parameter is called parameterized constructor. A parameterized constructor allows us to initialize the various data elements of different objects with different values when they are created. Ex: class Amt_of{ int R; float A ; int T ; Amt_of(int a, float b, int c) { R = A ; A = b ; T = c ). //other members. ; With the parameterized constructor, the initial values must be passed at the time of onject creation. Values are passed in two ways: (i) By implicit call and (ii) By explicit call. The examples of these two methods are given below: Amt_of P1(5, , 7) ; //implicit class also called shorthand method Amt_of P1 = Amt_of(5, , 7) ; //explicit call The explicit call to the constructor creates a temporary instance/object. The temporary instances/objects are deleted when they are no longer referenced. COPY CONSTRUCTORS A copy constructor isa constructor that is of the form class_name(class_name &) and that can be used to initialize one object with some values from another object of same class, during declaration. If we do not define a compy xonstructor, the compiler automatically creates it and it is under public label. Ex: class Sample{ int i, j ; Public : Sample(int a, int b) //parameterized constructor { i = a ; j = b ; Sample(Sample &s) //copy xonstructor { j = s j ; i = s j ; cout<< \n Copy xonstructor working. ; void print(void) { cout<< i << j << endl ; ; The constructors defined above can be used in the main( ) function as: Sample S1 (4, a) ; // S1 initialized, first constructor used Sample S2 (S1) ; // S1 copied to S2. Copy constructor called Sample S3 = S1 ; // S1 is copied to S3. Copy constructor is again called, first constructor is used The process of initializing through a compy constructor is known as copy initialization. There are three situations when copy constructor is invoked/called/executed as stated below : 1 When an object is defined and initialized with another object. Page-2
3 . Ex: Sample S1(4, a) ; //first constructor is created. Sample S (S2) ; //copy constructor is invoked. 2 When an object is passed by value to a function Ex: void afunc(sample) ; //Function prototype, Sample is a class. afunc(obj1) ; //ob1 is an object of Sample type and here copy constructor is invoked 3 When a function returns an object. Ex: Sample afunc( ) ; //function prototype is declared where Sample is a class and afunc( ) is a return type. Now if the function afunc( ) is called by the following statement : Obj2 = afunc( ) ; then the copy constructor would be invoked to create a copy of the value returned by afunc( ) and this value would be assigned to Obj2. DYNAMIC INITIALISATION OF OBJECTS Dynamic initialization means providing initial values by the user, during runtime. Class objects can also be dynamically initialized. Ex: class CSTest{ int rollno ; //CSTest stands for Compute Science Test float marks ; CSTest(int s, float b) { rollno = a ; marks = b ; CSTest(CSTest &r) //copy xonstructor {rollno = r rollno ; marks = r marks ; //other members ; int main ( ) { int x ; flaot y ; cout << Enter rollno of the student : ; cin >> x ; cout << \nenter marks of the student : ; cin >> y ; CSTest r1(x, y) ; //dynamic inialization with values x and y. CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING Just like any other function the constructor can alos be overloaded. Let us understand it by following EBSQ (Example by solved question) EBSQ: class Test { char Paper[20] ; int Marks ; Test( ) //Function-1 { strcpy(paper, COMPUTER ) ; Marks = 0 ; Test(char P[ ]) //Function-2 { strcpy(paper, P) ; Marks = 0 ; Test(int M) //Function-3 { strcpy(paper, COMPUTER ) ; Marks = M ; Page-3
4 . Test(char P [ ], int M) //Function-4 { strcpy(paper, P) ; Marks = M ; ; (i) Which feature of OOP is demonstrated using Function-1, Function-2, Function-3 and Function-4 in the above class Test? (ii) Write statements in C++ that would execute Function-2 and Function-4 of class Test. ANS: (i) Constructor overloading or function overloading or polymorphism. (ii) Test T( Computer Science ) ; Test T( Computer Science, 40) ; CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTURCTORS 1 Constructors are executed/invoked itself when the objects are created. 2 For a class having constructor, each object of that class must be initialized before any use is made of the object. 3 Private and protected constructors are available only for member and friend functions. Public constructors are available for all functions. Only the functions that have access to the constructor of the class can create an object of the class. 4 Constructors have no return type, not even void. 5 Constructors cannot be inherited. 6 A constructor cannot be static. 7 Default constructors and copy constructors are automatically created implicitly under public label, by the compiler. 8 It is not possible to take the address of a constructor. 9 Member function may be called from within a constructor. DESTRUCTORS A destructor is an inverse of constructor in the sense that it removes the memory of an object which was allocated to the constructor during the creation of an object. It carries the same name but with tilde (~) as prefix. EBSQ: Answer the question (i) and (ii) for the following class. Class Maths { char Chapter[20] ; int Marks ; Maths( ) //Function-1 { strcpy(cjhapter, Defferential Equation ) Marks = 10 ; cout<< Chapter initialized ; ~Maths( ) //Function-2 { cout<< Chapter Over ; ; (i) Name the specific features of class shown by Function-1 and Function-2. (ii) How would Function-1 and Function-2 get executed? ANS: (i) Function-1 is a constructor which initialized the class members when it is invoked. Function-2 is a destructor and it destroys the objects that have been created by a constructor. (ii) Function-1 will be executed when an object is declared for the class.. Function-2 will be executed when the object goes out of scope. RULES OR CHARACTERISTICS FOR DESTRUCTORS 1 The destructor has the name as that of class but with tilde (~). 2 The destructor cannot have argument. 3 It has no return type, not even void type. 4 Destructors cannot be overloaded, i.e., then can be only one destructor in a class. Page-4
5 . 5 If there exist no destructor in a class, the default destructor is created by the compiler. 6 The destructor is executed automatically when the control reaches at the end of class-scope. NEED FOR DESTRUCTORS When objects are constructed by the constructors, resources may be allocated for use. For example, a constructor may open a file and memory area may be allocated to the file. These allocated resources must be de-allocated before the object is destroyed. A destructor is needed here for this task and it performs all clean up task like closing files, de-allocating and releasing memory area automatically. Therefore, a destructor is immensely needed. THE END Page-5
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