STAT 7000: Experimental Statistics I
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1 STAT 7000: Experimental Statistics I 2. A Short SAS Tutorial Peng Zeng Department of Mathematics and Statistics Auburn University Fall 2009 Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
2 Outline 1 An overview of SAS system 2 DATA steps 3 PROC steps 4 Syntax errors Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
3 An overview of SAS system What is SAS? SAS (Statistical Analysis System) is an integrated system for performing tasks such as data entry, retrieval, and management report writing and graphics statistical and mathematical analysis business planning, forecasting, and decision support operations research and project management quality improvement applications development As a summary: data access, data management, data analysis, data presentation. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
4 An overview of SAS system SAS: First Look After you open SAS, we will see editor window log window output window type your SAS programs here inform you of any errors in your program and the reason for the errors. where your outputs appear Analog between SAS programs and articles SAS programs data steps or proc steps statements articles paragraphs sentences Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
5 An overview of SAS system First SAS Code data grades; /* create a SAS dataset with name "grades" */ input name $ sex $ exam1 exam2 exam3; datalines; /* "input" lists names of variables */ aa M bb F /* contents of the dataset */ cc F /* one observation per line */ dd M /* each column indicates one variable */ ee F ff M ; proc print data = grades; /* show contents of the dataset */ run; proc means data = grades; /* output descriptive statistics */ var exam1 exam2 exam3; run; Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
6 An overview of SAS system Basics of SAS Programs A SAS data set contains the information we want to analyze. Rows correspond to observations. Columns correspond to variables. A SAS program usually contains the following two parts. DATA steps are used to manipulate SAS data sets, including create data sets, read data from external files, define variables, etc. PROC steps are used to analyze data sets to produce statistics, tables, plots, etc. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
7 An overview of SAS system SAS Steps SAS steps begin with either of the following: DATA statement PROC statement SAS detects the end of a step when it encounters one of the following: a RUN statement (for most steps) a QUIT statement (for some procedures) the beginning of another step (either DATA or PROC) Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
8 An overview of SAS system Syntax Rules for SAS Statements Each SAS step is comprised of some SAS statements. usually begin with a SAS keyword Each SAS statement ends in a semicolon (;) SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Type your comments between / and /. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
9 An overview of SAS system Submit SAS Programs Submit your program to run by clicking the icon in the toolbar. Save your program every time before you submit it to run. SAVE YOUR PROGRAM FREQUENTLY!!! A run statement tells SAS to process the previous piece of program that you wrote. If there is no run statement, SAS will not process anything when you submit your program. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
10 DATA steps data name-of-dataset; input var1 $ var2 var3; datalines; put-data-here ; Create SAS Datasets The datalines statement should be placed after the input statement, and toward the end of the DATA step. A semicolon at the beginning of a new line is required to indicate the end of data lines. There are two major types of variables: character variables can contain any values (letters, numbers, etc). Make sure to add $ after the name of a character variable. numeric variables can contain only numeric values. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
11 DATA steps SAS Dataset and Variable Names SAS names have these characteristics: start with a letter or the underscore character ( ) Subsequent characters can be letters, underscores, or numbers. no blanks or special characters (such as commons, semicolons) no more than 32 characters in length can be uppercase, lowercase, or mixed-case. Example of valid names: data5mon FiveMonthsData 5 month data Example of invalid names: 5monthsdata data#5 five months data Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
12 DATA steps Create Dataset from External Files For a ASCII text file (can be opened by Notepad), data name-of-dataset; infile filename ; input var1 $ var2 var3; The infile statement should be placed immediately after the DATA statement, and before input statement. It is convenient to use Import Wizard (File Import Data) to create a SAS dataset from an Excel file (or other type of external files). Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
13 DATA steps Manipulate SAS Datasets In DATA steps, we can define new variables from existing variables. create new datasets from existing SAS datasets. data name-of-dataset; set existing-dataset; add-statements-here; If/then statement. if condition then statement; else statement; Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
14 PROC steps Proc Print proc print is used to show contents of a dataset. proc print data = SAS-Dataset; run; The data = option specifies the name of the dataset you are working with. When data = option is omitted, SAS assumes that you are working with the most recent dataset. It is strongly recommended that you always include data = option, especially when you are working with several datasets simultaneously. This comment applies for all the SAS procedures. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
15 PROC steps Proc Sort proc sort sorts the observations in a dataset by some variables in either ascending or descending order. proc sort data = SAS-Dataset; by var1 var2; run; descending reverses the sort order for the variable that immediately follows in the statement so that observations are sorted from the largest value to the smallest value. proc sort data = SAS-Dataset; by descending var1 var2; run; Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
16 PROC steps Proc Means proc means calculate simple univariate descriptive statistics for numeric variables. proc means data = SAS-Dataset; var var1 var2; run; By default, SAS output the number of observations, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
17 PROC steps Example: Blood Pressure Readings The following are the systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings for 22 patients. CK SS FR CP BL ES CP JI MC FC RW KD DS JW BH JW SB NS GS AB EC HH Three variables (patients, systolic, diastolic) and 22 observations. Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
18 Syntax errors Common syntax errors: misspelled keywords missing or invalid punctuation invalid options To find out syntax errors: Syntax Errors In the editor window, pay attention to the color of the texts, which may help you identify syntax errors. Check the log window to identify syntax errors. Always check the log window to see if your program ran properly!! Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
19 Syntax errors A SAS Code with Syntax Errors daat second; input 2subject gender $ exam#1 exam2 homework; datalines; 10 M A 7 M A 4 F B 20 M B 25 F A 14 F C ; proc print data = second run; proc means data = second; run; Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
20 Syntax errors Want to Know More on SAS? A course offered by Department of Mathematics and Statistics 5110/6110 SAS programming Two useful websites: Peng Zeng (Auburn University) STAT 7000 Lecture Notes Fall / 20
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