Module C++ I/O System Basics
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1 1 Module - 36 C++ I/O System Basics Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Stream classes of C++ 3. Predefined Standard Input/Output Streams 4. Functions of <istream> class 5. Functions of <ostream> class 6. Summary
2 2 Learning outcome After studying this module, you will be able to: 1. Learn about Stream classes of C++ 2. Know about Predefined Standard Input/Output Streams 3. Study about Functions of <istream> class 4. Study about Functions of <ostream> class 1. Introduction In C++, the Input/output is offered as a component of the standard library. The C++ standard libraries present widespread set of input/output facilities which are most commonly used for I/O operations. The Input/output in C++ language mostly occurs in streams, which are nothing but sequences of bytes. In general, the streams perform two types of operations, they are Input operation and Output operation. 2. Stream classes of C++ C++ includes a hierarchy of classes called as Stream classes that are mainly used to describe various streams to deal with console and disk files. The stream classes are stated in the iostream or iostream.h header file. The stream classes of C++ are: INPUT POINTER OUTPUT ios istream streambuf ostream iostream istream_withassign iostream_withassign ostream_withassign
3 From the above figure: It is clear that ios is the base class for the istream, i.e., Input stream and base class for ostream, i.e., Output stream. The istream and ostream classes are in turn base classes for the class iostream, i.e., Input/Output Stream. The stream classes and their functionality can be represented in the table as follows: 3 Stream class ios class istream class ostream class streambuf class _withassign classes filebuf class strstreambuf class Functionality and their Description It offers the basic services that are used by all input and output classes. In addition, it provides a pointer to a buffer object, i.e., streambuf object. It tries to inherit the properties from the base class ios. It offers the services for input methods. In the usual manner, it provides a mechanism to accept the data from the input device. It declare the input functions such as get(), getline(), read() and it also include overloaded extraction operator (>>). It tries to inherit the properties from the base class ios. It offers the services for output methods. In the usual manner, it provides a mechanism to displa y the data to the output device. It declare the output functions such as put(), write() and it also include overloaded insertion operator (<<). It tries to provide memory for a buffer. It also provides the methods of the class for loading the contents of the buffer, access the contents of the buffer, flush the contents of the buffer, organizing the memory of the buffer. It also holds the mainly important and primitive functions for the streams on a First- In-First-Out Order basis. C++ language consists of 3 _withassign classes, they are istream_withassign, ostream_withassign and iostream_withassign. The istream_withassign is a derived class which is derived from base class istream class. The ostreamwithassign is a derived class which is derived from base class ostream class. The iostreamwithassign is a derived class which is derived from base class iostream class. The _withassign classes basically consist of assignment operators. By using the assignment operators, it is possible to copy the objects of the _withassign classes. By making the assignment operators as private, the copying on istream, ostream and iostream classes can be stopped. It is a derived class which is inherited from the base class streambuf. It tries to present the necessary and basic operations that are related to files. It is a derived class which is inherited from the base class streambuf. It is mainly designed to hold the buffers that are related to memory. 3. Predefined Standard Input/Output Streams C++ language consists of four streams that are mainly defined for standard Input/Output. The two operators, i.e., extraction operator (>>) and insertion operator (<<) are overloaded and are defined on basic or primary data types. It is also possible to overload the extraction and insertion operators on the user-defined datatypes, but it can be possible for specific objects of the class.
4 4 The four streams are: cin: It is mainly used to get the input from standard input device, such as keyboard. cout: It is mainly used to display the output to standard output device, such as monitor or screen. cerr: It is mainly used for standard error to display on monitor or screen. clog: It is mainly used for buffered error to display on monitor. 3.1 Standard Input Stream (cin) The istream class supports the methods for input of formatted data as well as unformatted data. The cin object of istream class along with extraction operator ( >>) is mainly used for the input of primary types. It is possible with the cin object to overload the extraction operator (>>) for the user defined types, but it can be used for the class of input object. In general, the operator (>>) is basically, the bitwise right shift operator which is overloaded to do the process of extraction operation. Since, after each and every extraction operation, the extraction operator tries to send a reference back to cin, therefore, it allows cascading operation and it is possible to extract a quantity of values written one after another and each of them lead by extraction operator. cin >> variable1 >> varibale2... >> variablen; In the above syntax: The variable1, variable2,, variablen are valid C++ variable names. cin>>rollno>>name>>total; Program to illustrate the usage of cin object and extraction operator (>>) #include<iostream> int number1 ; double number2 ; char ch1 ; char Grade [30]; cout <<"Enter value of Number1 : " ; cin >>number1; cout <<"Enter the value of Number2 : "; cin >>number2; cout <<"Enter the value of ch1 : "; cin>>ch1 ; cout<<"enter a Grade : "; cin >> Grade ; cout <<"The data that is entered is "<<endl; cout <<"Number1 = "<<number1 <<", Number2 = "<<number2 <<", ch1 = "<<ch1 <<", Grade = " <<Grade <<endl;
5 5 Enter value of Number1 : 10 Enter the value of Number2 : -20 Enter the value of ch1 : Z Enter a Grade : Excellent The data that is entered is Number1 = 10, Number2 = -20, ch1 = Z, Grade = Excellent 3.2 Standard Output Stream The cout object of ostream class is used for standard output along with overloaded insertion operator (<<). To do the process of insertion operation of basic data type, the operator <<, i.e., bitwise left shift binary operator is overloaded. The cout object can be used for user defined data, but it is must that the overloading functions for operator << are to be described by the programmer for the class of the objects being that are dealt with. Since, after each and every insertion operation, the insertion operator tries to return the value of reference to the object of ostream class, i.e., cout, therefore, it allows the cascading of stream objects which helps to write a number of outputs in the same output statement. cout << item1 << item2 << << itemn; In the above syntax: The item1, item2,,itemn can be variables of fundamental data type or constants of fundamental data type. cout<<nameofcustomer<<" paid rupees "<<Price<<" for "<< Custno <<" Mangoes " <<endl; Program to illustrate the use of cout object and insertion operator (<<) #include<iostream> int Custno =401; double Price =1000.5; char flag = 'F'; char Nameofcustomer[] = "Deepali"; cout << "flag is "<<flag<<endl; cout<<nameofcustomer<<" paid rupees "<<Price<<" for "<< Custno <<" Mangoes " <<endl; flag is F Deepali paid rupees for 401 Mangoes
6 6 3.3 Standard Error Stream (cerr) The cerr, which is a predefined object is an instance of ostream class that corresponds to the standard error stream. It is related with the cstdio stream stderr. The cerr object is said to be connected to the standard error device, which is a display screen or monitor, but, since, the cerr object is un-buffered, therefore, each stream insertion to cerr causes its output to come into view instantly. The cerr object can also be used in combination with the stream insertion operator. By default, most of the systems have their regular error output which is set to the console, where the text messages are displayed, even though this can normally be forwarded. Because cerr is an predefined object of ostream class, it is possible to write the characters to it either as formatted data with the help of the insertion operator (<<) or as unformatted data with the help of the write member function. Program to illustrate the usage of standard error stream (cerr) #include <iostream > int main( ) char text[] = "Unable to read the content"; cerr << "Error message : " << text << endl; Error message : Unable to read the content 3.4 clog The clog which is a predefined object is an instance of ostream class which represents the standard logging stream. The clog object is said to be connected to the standard error device, which is a display screen, but because, the predefined object clog is buffered, therefore, each insertion to clog might effects its output to be seized in a buffer until the buffer is full or until the buffer is flushed. The clog object can also be used in combination with the stream insertion operator. It is linked with the cstdio stream stderr, like cerr. By default, the majority of the systems have their normal error and logging output which is mostly going to the console, where the text messages are displayed, even though this can usually be forwarded. Since, clog is a predefined object of ostream class, it is possible to write characters to it either as formatted data with the help of the insertion operator (<<) or as unformatted data with the help of the write member function.
7 7 Program to demonstrate the usage of cerr and clog objects void test( ) int n = 0; cout << "Enter a number: "<<endl; cin >>n; cerr << "test for cerr" << endl; clog << "test for clog" << endl; int main( ) int i = 0; cout << "Enter a number: "<<endl; cin >> i; cerr << "test for cerr" << endl; clog << "test for clog" << endl; test( ); Enter a number: 3 test for cerr test for clog Enter a number: 2 test for cerr test for clog Program to implement the usage of cerr and clog objects #include <cmath> int number ; cout<<"enter a number : "; cin>>number; if (number<0) cout<<"the value is negative\n"<<endl;
8 8 cout<< "Enter a positive number \n"; exit(0); cout<<"square root of number"<<number<<" is "<<sqrt(number)<<endl; cerr<<"square root of 35 is "<<sqrt(35)<<endl; clog << "The square root of 25 is : "<<sqrt(25)<<endl; return 0; Enter a number : 36 Square root of number 36 is 6 Square root of 35 is The square root of 25 is : 5 Enter a double number: -25 The value is negative Enter a positive number Program to illustrate the usage of clog object class Test int number; Test() clog << "static constructor\n"; ~Test() clog << "static destructor\n"; ; Test t1; // static object clog << "main function\n"; static constructor main function
9 9 static destructor 3.5 Functions of <istream> class Some of the most commonly used functions of <istream> class are get(), getline(), ignore(), peek(), putback() and gcount(). a) get() The get() function is a member function of istream class is mainly used to read a single character from an input device. The different ways of using get() function are: get() function with no arguments get() function with a character argument get() function with two arguments get() function with three arguments get() function with no arguments The get() function with no arguments tries to enter one character from the selected streams including whitespace and it tries to return the character as the value of the function call. When End-Of-File on the stream is encountered, it tries to return EOF. cin.get(); char ch1; ch1=cin.get() Program to implement the usage of get() function with no arguments #include<iostream> int main () char ch1; cout <<"Enter a character : "; ch1 = cin.get(); cout <<"The character that is entered is = "<< ch1<< endl; return 0; Enter a character : Z The character that is entered is = Z
10 10 get() function with a character argument The get() function with a character argument tries to enter the next character from the input stream including whitespace. When End-Of-File (eof) on the stream is encountered, it tries to return false. It tries to returns a reference to the object of istream class for which the get() member function is being invoked. char ch1; cin.get(ch1); Program to implement the use of get() function with a character argument #include<iostream> char ch1; cout <<"Enter a character : "; cin.get(ch1); cout <<"The Character that is entered is "<< ch1; cout<<"\n"; return 0; Enter a character : Z The character that is entered is = Z get() function with two arguments The get() function with two arguments tries to read first n-1 characters one after another into the buffer. The last character is the NULL( \0) character which indicates the end of string and gets attached by the system. cin.get(char*buffer, size_t n); char Name[20]; cin.get(name,6);
11 11 Program to implement the usage of get() function with two arguments int n =0; char Name[20]; cout<<"enter a name : " ; cin.get (Name,6); cout <<"Name that is entered is ; "<< Name <<endl; Enter a name : Sherlock Name that is entered is Sherl get() function with three arguments cin.get( char* buffer, size_t n, char delimeter) In the above syntax: The (n 1) is the highest number of characters that may be read. It also consist of a delimiting character, i.e. char delim. If the delimiter character is met, then the function stops reading the further characters, even though the number (n 1) is not reached. char Buffer [ ]= "Example of getline function in CPP"; char ch1= # ; cin.getline( Buffer, 15,ch1); Program to implement the usage of get() function with three arguments char ch1 = '#'; // # is a delimiting character char Text1[30]; cout<<"\nenter a Text1 : " ; cin.get (Text1,20, ch1 ); cout <<"The text that is written is : "<< Text1 <<endl; Enter a Text1 : this is my first program in cpp on i/o #basics
12 12 The text that is written is : this is my first pr b) getline() The getline() function works like that of get() function, i.e., it tries to add a null character after the line in the character array. It eliminates the delimiter from the stream, but it does not store it in the character array. It is must that the getline() function has to be used with object of istream class and it is mainly useful to read a complete line. The getline() function can have two or three arguments. getline (char* s, streamsize n ); getline (char* s, streamsize n, char delimeter); char Buffer [ ]= "Example of getline function in CPP"; char ch1= # ; cin.getline( Buffer, 20); cin.getline( Buffer, 15,ch1); Program to implement the usage of getline() function char Text[50] ; cout << "Enter Text : "; cin.getline(text,30); cout<<"text that is entered is : "; cout<<text; Enter Text : Hello World Text that is entered is : Hello World c) ignore() The ignore() function reads and it tries to rejects up to n characters or up to the reading of delimiter character or end of file whichever occurs first. The default value of n is 1. cin.ignore (streamsize n, int delimiter) Program to implement the usage of ignore() function int main ()
13 13 char firstname, lastname; cout<<"enter first name and last name: "; firstname = cin.get(); cin.ignore(30,' '); lastname = cin.get(); cout<<"the initial letters are: "<<firstname<<lastname<<endl; return 0; Enter first name and last name: Vivian Richards The initial letters are: VR d) peek() The peek() function returns the next character from an input stream, but it does not take out the character from the stream. cin.peek('h'); e) putback() The putback() function tries to return the formerly read character to the input stream. putback (char c); char ch = D ; cin.peek( F ); cin.putback (ch); Program to implement the usage of peek() and putback() functions char ch1; cout<<"enter a sentence : " ; while (cin.get(ch1)) if (ch1=='a') cin.putback('z'); else cout<<ch1;
14 14 Enter a sentence : This Basket contains 1000 Apples This Basket contains 1000 Zpples f) read() The read() function is a member function of istream class and is mainly used with input streams such as cin.read(). It comes under the category of unformatted Input function. The read() function does enter into the memory some bytes without any formatting. read (char* s, streamsize n); char Text[15]; cin.read(text,15); g) gcount() The gcount() is a member function of istream class which tries to return the number of unformatted characters that is last extracted. streamsize gcount() const; Program to implement the usage of read() and gcount() functions const int length = 100; char Text[length]; cout<<"enter Text :"<<endl; cin.read(text,25); cout<<"the text that is entered is "<<endl; cout.write(text, cin.gcount()); cout<<endl; Enter Text : This is my first program on gcount function The text that is entered is
15 15 This is my first program 4. Functions of <ostream> class Some of the most commonly used functions of <ostream> class are put() and write(). a) put() The put() function is a member function of ostream class. It is mainly used to write a character to output device. The put() function is used with an object of ostream class. put (char c); cout.put(ch1); Program to implement the usage of put() function cout.put('m').put('u').put('m').put('b').put('a').put('i').put(' \n'); char* City = "Cochin"; cout<<city<<endl; cout.put(*city); cout<<"\n"; char city1 [] = "DELHI"; for ( int i = 0; i<5;i++) cout.put(city1[i]); cout.put('\n'); cout.put(70)<<endl; //outputs F character because ASCII value of 70 is F return 0; MUMBAI Cochin C DELHI F b) write() The function write() is a member function of ostream class and is mainly used with output streams such as cout.write(). It comes under the category of unformatted Output function. The
16 write() function output of a number of bytes from the character array in the memory without any formatting. 16 write (const char* s, streamsize n); char Text[30]; cout.write (Text, 30) Program to illustrate the usage of read() and write() functions char sentence [] = "Go to Playground"; cout.write(sentence, 13).put('\n'); char ch1[] = "A"; cout<<"ch1 = "; cout.write(ch1,1)<<endl; char CH1[] = "ABCDEFGHIJO"; cout.write(ch1, 5)<<endl; char Text[30]; cout<< "Enter the Text "; cin.read(text,30); cout.write(text,30)<<endl; return 0; Go to Playgro ch1 = A ABCDE Enter the Text This is a program on read() and write() functions This is a program on read() an 5. Summary C++ includes a hierarchy of classes called as Stream classes that are mainly used to describe various streams to deal with console and disk files. The stream classes are stated in the iostream or iostream.h header file.
17 17 The ios class is the base class for the istream and ostream classes. The istream and ostream classes are in turn base classes for the class iostream, i.e., Input/Output Stream. The ios class offers the basic services that are used by all input and output classes. The istream class declare the input functions such as get(), getline(), read() and it also include overloaded extraction operator (>>). The ostream class declare the input functions such as get(), getline(), read() and it also include overloaded extraction operator (>>). The streambuf class also provides the methods of the class for loading the contents of the buffer, access the contents of the buffer, flush the contents of the buffer, organizing the memory of the buffer. The filebuf class tries to present the necessary and basic operations that are related to files. The strstreambuf class is mainly designed to hold the buffers that are related to memory. C++ language consists of 3 _withassign classes, they are istream_withassign, ostream_withassign and iostream_withassign. The _withassign classes basically consist of assignment operators. The cin is mainly used to get the input from standard input device, such as keyboard. The cout is mainly used to display the output to standard output device, such as monitor or screen. The cerr is mainly used for standard error to display on monitor or screen. The clog is mainly used for buffered error to display on monitor. The cin object object of istream class along with extraction operator ( >>) is mainly used for the input of primary types. It is possible with the cin object to overload the extraction operator (>>) for the user defined types, but it can be used for the class of input object. The cout object of ostream class is used for standard output along with overloaded insertion operator <<. The cout object can be used for user defined data, but it is must that the overloading functions for operator << are to be described by the programmer for the class of the objects being that are dealt with.
18 18 The cerr object is said to be connected to the standard error device, which is a display screen or monitor, but, since, the cerr object is un-buffered, therefore, each stream insertion to cerr causes its output to come into view instantly. The cerr object can also be used in combination with the stream insertion operator. The clog object is said to be connected to the standard error device, which is a display screen, but because, the predefined object clog is buffered, therefore, each insertion to clog might effects its output to be seized in a buffer until the buffer is full or until the buffer is flushed. The get() function is a member function of istream class is mainly used to read a single character from an input device. The get() function with no arguments tries to enter one character from the selected streams including whitespace and it tries to return the character as the value of the function call. The get() function with a character argument tries to enter the next character from the input stream including whitespace. The get() function with two arguments tries to read first n-1 characters one after another into the buffer. When the get() function is used with three arguments, then, if the delimiter character is met, then the function stops reading the further characters, even though the number (n 1) is not reached. The getline() function eliminates the delimiter from the stream, but it does not store it in the character array. The ignore() function reads and it tries to rejects up to n characters or up to the reading of delimiter character or end of file whichever occurs first. The peek() function returns the next character from an input stream, but it does not take out the character from the stream. The putback() function tries to return the formerly read character to the input stream. The read() function does enter into the memory some bytes without any formatting. The gcount() is a member function of istream class which tries to return the number of unformatted characters that is last extracted. The put() function is mainly used to write a character to output device. The write() function output of a number of bytes from the character array in the memory without any formatting.
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Piyush Kumar. input data. both cout and cin are data objects and are defined as classes ( type istream ) class
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