Using PROC REPORT to Cross-Tabulate Multiple Response Items Patrick Thornton, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
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1 Using PROC REPORT to Cross-Tabulate Multiple Response Items Patrick Thornton, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA ABSTRACT This paper describes for an intermediate SAS user the use of PROC REPORT to create a cross tabulation of a multiple response item. Surveys often contain multiple response items, such as services received where a respondent may have received more than one service. In this case, an indicator variable (1=Yes, 0=No) is created for each response category. This paper shows how to include all the indicator variables and a grouping variable in a PROC REPORT in order to calculate the number of responses per category overall and by group. It also demonstrates how PROC REPORT may be used to calculate the percent of responses out of the number of observations, rather than out of the total number of responses. A macro program is also included that makes easy the generation of PROC REPORT syntax for the purpose of reporting multiple response items. INTRODUCTION Multiple response items are common in survey research. Often called choose all or pick any items, the categories of the items are not mutually exclusive, so respondents may choose 1 to the number of item categories. The example item used in this paper will be services received, where a respondent may indicate Yes to more than one of 3 categories (Figure 1): Figure 1 Example Multiple Response Item 1. What services were provided to the child over the last 6-months (Circle Yes or No)? Yes No Child Health Insurance (CHI) Yes No Home Visitation (HV) Yes No Therapeutic Services (TS) When the responses to item 1 are stored as data, an indicator variable in is created for each category of service, where 1 = Yes and 0 = No (Figure 2). Figure 2 Example Data Set Child Referral CHI HV TS Figure 2 shows two common occurrences in this type of data: respondents may leave blank those service categories they did not receive and respondents may not provide a response to any of the service categories. In this example, it is reasonable to count the non-response for child number 2 on CHI as a No because there is at least one valid response (0 or 1) on one of the other service indicators. On the other hand, child number 5 should be excluded for non-response because it is not clear that the respondent considered the item. Figure 3 shows an example tabulation of the service item that excludes child number 5 and includes all 3 service indicators and the grouping variable REFERRAL: Figure 3 Service Item Cross Tabulation The table shows by REFERRAL (e.g. Referral One) the: Number of children receiving a service Number of children receiving each service (e.g. CHI) Percent of children receiving each service (e.g. HV) Number of services provided The table also shows the total count of: Children receiving at least one service Children receiving each service Services received This paper describes step by step the PROC REPORT syntax used to create a cross tabulation similar to Figure 3.
2 STEP BY STEP: CREATING A CROSS TABULATION FOR A MULTIPLE RESPONSE ITEM This section shows in 3 progressive phases the PROC REPORT syntax for creating a cross tabulation, similar to Figure 3: (a) phase 1 shows syntax to produce the first two columns in Figure 3, Referral and Children, (b) phase 2 calculates the total count of OBS and adds then Total label to the summary row, (c) phase 3 demonstrates how to get the count and percent of children receiving a service and then how to create the last column of total services. The description of each phase is on the left. The syntax and resulting output are shown in figures on the right. Phase 1: Description and syntax (Figure 4) to obtain the distinct values of referral and count of OBS (Figure 5) Description of Syntax NOWD prevents the interactive window and MISSING includes OBS that might be missing a value on REFERRAL COL determines the order of columns, REFERRAL and the key word N to obtain the count of OBS DEFINE is used to obtain the distinct values of REFERRAL by using the /GROUP option Figure 4. Phase 1 Syntax proc report data=work.multir nowd missing; col referral n; define referral /group center; define n / Children center; where chi ne. or hv ne. or ts ne. ; Figure 5. Phase 1 Output DEFINE N is used to label and center the column WHERE removes OBS missing on all multiple response item variables Phase 2: Description and syntax (Figure 6) to add the total OBS as shown in Figure 7 Description of Syntax Total OBS is added with the RBREAK AFTER statement using the option /SUMMARIZE Syntax to create Total label: Adds DUMROW, a computed variable not in the data set Hides the REFERRAL variable Defines DUMROW as COMPUTED Begins a compute block-- COMPUTE to ENDCOMP to define DUMROW as a 15 character variable Figure 6. Phase 2 Syntax proc report data=work.multir missing nowd; col referral dumrow n; define referral /group noprint; define n / Children center; define dumrow/computed "Referral"; compute dumrow /char length=15; if _BREAK_="_RBREAK_" then dumrow = 'Total'; else dumrow = put(referral,myrows.); rbreak after / summarize; where chi ne. or hv ne. or ts ne. ; Figure 7. Phase 2 Output Uses the special variable _BREAK_ to test for the last row created by the RBREAK statement and set DUMROW equal to Total, otherwise DUMROW is set to the formatted value of REFERRAL.
3 Phase 3: Description of Syntax (Figure 8) to obtain count of service (Figure 9) Figure 8. Phase 3 Syntax proc report data=work.multir missing nowd; col referral dumrow n chi p1 hv p2 ts p3 total; define referral /group noprint; define n / "Children" center; define dumrow /computed "Referral"; define chi / analysis "CHI" sum format=5.0 center; define p1 /computed "%" format=percent8.1 center ; define hv / analysis "HV" sum format=5.0 center; define p2 /computed "%" format=percent8.1 center ; define ts / analysis "TS" sum format=5.0 center; define p3 /computed "%" format=percent8.1 center ; define total/computed "Services" width=10 center; compute dumrow /char length=15; if _BREAK_="_RBREAK_" then dumrow = 'Total'; else dumrow = put(referral,myrows.); compute p1; p1 = chi.sum /n; compute p2; P2 = hv.sum /n; compute p3; p3 = ts.sum /n; compute total; total = sum(chi.sum,hv.sum,ts.sum); rbreak after / summarize; where chi ne. or hv ne. or ts ne. ; Figure 9. Phase 3 Output CHI is listed in the COL statement and defined as an ANALYSIS variable of type SUM. Since CHI is coded 1=Yes, 0=No, the sum of CHI is the count of Yes. P1 is listed in the COL statement and is defined as COMPUTED P1 is computed as the proportion of the sum of CHI and n The syntax shown in through was also added for each of the other two indicator variables, HV and TS. Total was added to the COL statement and computed as the sum of the sum of each indicator variable
4 MACRO FOR GENERATING PROC REPORT SYNTAX The macro CHOOSEALL is used to generated the PROC REPORT syntax to create a cross tabulation of a multiple response item. This macro is particularly helpful in cases where there are many categories of response and therefore many indicator variables. %macro chooseall(lib,d,row,rowlabel,rowformat,obslabel,totallabel,series,labels); %let vargroup =; %let define =; %let definep =; %let computedp =; %let total=; %let where=; %*Iterate through each variable in series; %let i = 1; %do %until(%scan(&series,&i)= &i > 50); %let var = %scan(&series,&i); %let label = %scan(&labels,&i,%str(^)); %*[1 COLUMN STATEMENT MULTIPLE RESPONSE VARIABLES AND PERCENTS]; %let vargroup = &vargroup &var p&i; %*[2 DEFINE EACH MULTIPLE RESPONSE VARIABLE ]; %let define =&define define &var / analysis sum "&label" format=5.0 center%str(;); %*[3 DEFINE EACH PERCENT]; %let definep = &definep define p&i /computed "%" format=percent8.1 center %str(;); %*[4 COMPUTE EACH PERCENT]; %let computedp = &computedp compute p&i%str(;) p&i %str(=) &var..sum /n%str(;)endcomp%str(;); %* [5 COMPUTE TOTAL]; %let total= &total &var..sum %str(,); %* [6 CREATE A WHERE STATEMENT]; %let where = &where &var ne %str(.) or; %let i = %eval(&i + 1); %end; %*Remove the comma and the OR at the end; %let total = %substr(&total,1,%eval(%length(&total) - 1)); %let where = %substr(&where,1,%eval(%length(&where) - 2)); proc report data=&lib..&d missing nowd; col &row newcol n &vargroup total; define &row /group left width=15 flow noprint; define newcol /computed "&rowlabel" id; define n/format=8.0 "&obslabel" center; &define &definep define total/computed "&totallabel" width=10 center; compute newcol /char length=15; IF _BREAK_='_RBREAK_' THEN newcol = 'Total'; else newcol = put(&row,&rowformat..); &computedp compute total; total = sum(&total); rbreak after /summarize; where &where ; %mend; options mprint; %chooseall(work,multir,referral,referral,myrows,children,services,chi HV TS,CHI^HV^TS);
5 CONCLUSION PROC REPORT is capable of creating a concise cross tabulation of a multiple response item. If each category of response on the item is stored as an indicator variable (1=Yes, 0=No), then the sum of each indicator variable will be the count of Yes s and these counts may be created by levels of a grouping variable and in total. Percent of Yes out of the possible Yes s (OBS) may be obtained through the use of a COMPUTE block. Observations appropriate as a denominator for the percents may be selected through the use of a WHERE statement. The PROC REPORT syntax is quite long, especially as the response categories increase, so a macro program is included which may be called to generate the syntax. RECOMMENDED READING Carpenter, A. (2007). Carpenter s Complete Guide to the SAS REPORT Procedure. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at: S. Patrick Thornton Ph.D., Sr. Scientific Programmer/Analyst SRI International, Center for Education and Human Services Phone: Fax: patrick.thornton@sri.com Web: SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
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