Model transformations. Overview of DSLE. Model transformations. Model transformations. The 4-layer architecture

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1 Overview of DSLE Model driven software engineering g in general Grammars, signatures and meta-models DSL Design Code generation Models increase the level of abstraction used for both hardware and software design often manually translated into design documents and code no guarantee for consistency between model, design and resulting code Models increase the quality of the code via model checking Models increase the efficiency of software development code generation / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 0 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 1 Meta-Meta-Model Model world The 4-layer architecture M3 Meta-Meta-Model Layer defines structure of the meta-metadata M2 Meta-Model Layer defines the structure of the metadata M1 Model Layer describes the data in the information layer M0 Information Layer data we wish to describe Grammar world The 4-layer architecture M3 (E)BNF/SDF grammar defines structure of the (E)BNF in (E)BNF M2 Java grammar defines the structure of Java in (E)BNF M1 Java program describes the manipulation (algorithm) of objects in the object layer M0 Object layer Objects we wish to manipulate / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 2 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 3

2 Mappings are defined on meta-models The mapping is defined with meta-models; one metalevel higher than the input and output models of the transformation Transformations are defined on models A transformation implements a mapping Source Meta-model <<InstanceOf>> Mapping based on Target Meta-model <<InstanceOf>> Input Model Transformation Output Model / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 4 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 5 A model transformation takes input and changes the input, or produces output transforms according to a predefined d mapping is used in run time Two main categories of transformations Vertical or horizontal transformations Exogenous or endogenous transformations Vertical transformations Source model is at a different level of abstraction than the target model Examples of vertical transformation refinement (specialization) PIM PSM transformations abstraction (generalization) / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 6 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 7

3 Model transformation Horizontal transformations Source model has the same level of abstraction as target model not to be confused with meta-levels Examples of horizontal transformation refactoring merging Endogenous transformations: between same meta-models Exogenous transformations: ti between different meta-models / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 8 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 9 Taxonomy Approach Horizontal Vertical Meta-metamodel Endogenous Refactoring Refinement Exogenous Migration Code generation Further distinction: syntactic vs. semantic transformation Conforms to Source Metamodel Conforms to Source Model Input Transformation Language Conforms to Transformation Definition Instance of Transformation Conforms to Target Metamodel Conforms to Target Model Output / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 10 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 11

4 Model transformation formalisms ATL Xtend Xtext Xpand QVT Relations QVT Operations QVT Core Platform: Eclipse and EMF ASF+SDF Stratego/XT VIATRA Tefkat ETL (Epsilon) GrGen How are the meta-models of Xtext, for instance, mapped to meta-models describing the abstract syntax? General architecture: Parse/construct st an input model (Xtext/GMF) t/g Map concrete syntax model to abstract syntax model Apply transformation from input to output model Unparse the output model / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 12 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 13 The Atlas Transformation Language (ATL) is a hybrid language (a mix of declarative and imperative constructions) designed to express model transformations A transformation model in ATL is expressed as a set of transformation rules Hybrid style of programming: Declarative transformation based on simple mappings Imperative for complex mappings OCL is used to expression constraints on rules Guards (constraints) on the entry point for a rule Documentation: An ATL transformation program is composed of rules that define how source model elements are matched and navigated to create and initialize the elements of the target models The ATL programs for model to model transformation are called modules / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 14 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 15

5 An example of an ATL specification The goal is to present a use case of a model to model transformation written in ATL ATL: Book2Publication example MMM This use case is named: Books to Publications Initially ta we have a text t describing a list of books We want to transform this into another text describing a list of publications MM a MM t MM b M t M a Transformation M b / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 16 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 17 ATL: Book2Publication example Meta-model of Book: Ecore MM Book ATL MM Publication Example of Book: Book2Publication Book Transformation Publication / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 18 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 19

6 Meta-model of Publication: First we create an ATL project Getting started Select in Eclipse File/New/ATL Project Select then the Finish button / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 20 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 21 First we have to create/ obtain meta-models Next we create an ATL file Getting started Select in Eclipse File/New/ATL File Select then the Next button Next we have to set the Input/Output parameters of ATL transformation: Select then the Finish button This will generate automatically the header section / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 22 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 23

7 An detailed description of a transformation can be found at: _Create_a_simple_ATL_transformation a transformation ATL transformation code A header section that defines some attributes that are relative to the transformation module An optional import section that enables to import some existing ATL libraries A set of helpers that can be viewed as an ATL equivalent to Java methods A set of rules that defines the way target models are generated from source ones / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 24 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 25 Header: The header section names the transformation module and names the variables corresponding to the source and target models ("IN" and "OUT") together with their meta-models ( Book" and Publication") acting as types. module Book2Publication; create OUT : Publication from IN : Book; Libraries: The optional import section enables to declare which ATL libraries have to be imported The declaration of an ATL library is achieved as follows: uses extensionless_library_file_name; library name; For example: uses strings; / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 26 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 27

8 ATL helpers ATL helpers can be viewed as the ATL equivalent to Java methods They make it possible to define factorized ATL code that can be called from different points of an ATL transformation Body of helpers is OCL code An ATL helper is defined by the following elements: aname a context type The context type defines the context in which this attribute is defined Optional a return value type. Note that, in ATL, each helper must have a return value an OCL expression that represents the code of the ATL helper; an optional set of parameters, in which a parameter is identified by a couple (parameter name, parameter type). / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 28 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 29 Helper functions: A helper is an auxiliary function that computes a result needed in a rule helper context Book!Book def : getauthors() : String = self.chapters-> collect(e e.author)-> asset()-> iterate(authorname, acc : String = '' acc + if acc = '' then authorname else ' and ' + authorname endif); Select the chapters Get the authors of each chapter Filter duplicates helper context Book!Book def : getauthors() : String = self.chapters-> collect(e e.author)-> asset()-> iterate(authorname; acc : String = '' acc + if acc = '' then authorname else ' and ' + authorname endif); Build a list / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 30 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 31

9 To iterate over a collection source -> iterate(elem, var : Type = init_exp body ) var is an accumulator which gets an initial value elem is an iterator which iterates on each element of the collection For each iteration body is evaluated and then used to update var Helper To get the total of pages helper context Book!Book def : getnbpages() : Integer = self.chapters-> collect(f f.nbpages)-> iterate(pages, acc : Integer = 0 acc + pages); Alternative helper context Book!Book def : getnbpageseasy() : Integer = self.chapters -> collect(f f.nbpages) -> sum(); / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 32 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 33 It is possible to consider a helper that returns the maximum of two integer values: the contextual integer and an additional integer value which is passed as parameter: helper context Integer def : max(x : Integer) : Integer =...; ATL Rules There exist three different kinds of rules that correspond to the two different programming modes provided by : the matched rules (declarative programming), the lazy rules, and the called rules (imperative programming). / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 34 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 35

10 ATL matched rule mechanism provides a mean to specify the way target model elements must be generated from source model elements. A matched rule enables to specify: 1. which source model element must be matched, 2. the number and the type of the generated target model elements, and 3. the way these target model elements must be initialized from the matched source elements Each matched rule is identified by its name (rule_name). A matched rule name must be unique within an ATL transformation. An ATL matched rule is composed of two mandatory sections from and to parts. two optional sections: using and do parts. The different variables that may be declared in the scope of a rule (the source and target pattern elements and the local variables) must have a unique name. / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 36 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 37 Matched rules rule rule_name{ from in: MM1!MetaClass(<matching condition>) using{<variable definitions>} to out1: MM2!MetaClass1( <bindings1> ), out2: MM2!MetaClass2( <bindings2> ) do{<imperative block>} } Matches on all model elements of type MM1!MetaClass, similar to ASF s traversal functions Rules rule Book2Publication { from b : Book!Book ( b.getnbpages() > 2 ) to out : Publication!Publication ( title <- b.title, authors <- b.getauthors(), nbpages <- b.getnbpages() ) } / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 39

11 Assigning attributes in ATL rules: In/out pattern Meta model identification Meta model element identification rule example1{ from in: MM1!MetaClassA to out: MM2!MetaClassB( attr <- in.attr ) } Attribute assignment Source pattern The from section corresponds to the rule source pattern. This pattern (a single source pattern element) contains the source variable declaration (in_var) of the type of the source model elements that will be matched by the rule (in_type). It may contain, between brackets, an optional boolean expression (condition) The following code illustrates the syntax of the from section: from p : MMPerson!Person e ( p.name = 'Smith' ) / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 40 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 41 ATL imperative code Assignment statement enables to assign values to either attributes that are defined in the context of the ATL module, or to target model element features target <- exp; ATL imperative code If statement enables to define alternative imperative treatments if(condition) { statements1 } [else { statements2 }]? Condition is an OCL expression / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 42 / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 43

12 ATL imperative code For statement enables to define iterative imperative computations: for(iterator in collection) { statements } / Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica PAGE 44

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