IMPORTANT QUESTIONS IN C FOR THE INTERVIEW
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1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS IN C FOR THE INTERVIEW 1. What is a header file? Header file is a simple text file which contains prototypes of all in-built functions, predefined variables and symbolic constants. It also contains certain elements of a source code that can be separated and reused later. Header files are present in /usr/include directory. 2. What is a function? What are the steps involved in using a function? Function contains a set of instructions that perform a specific task. Types of functions: In-built functions they are pre-defined and can be called directly User-defined functions user should provide prototype, definition and has to call the function. Steps involved in using a user-defined function: Prototype of the function (subroutine/routine): It defines the type of arguments/inputs passed to the function and return type of the function. There are 4 types of prototypes. Input Return Value Example No No void display() No Yes int accept() Yes No void fact(int) Yes Yes int sum(int,int) If a function doesn t return anything, then void is used. To a function, we can pass multiple inputs but only one value (may contain multiple outputs as a single pack) can be returned. Function definition: This contains the steps involved in performing the specific task. Function calling: We can call the function wherever we require by following the function s prototype. 3. Explain the steps involved in compilation? There are 4 steps involved in compilation of C program. 1. Preprocessing: 2. Assembling 3. Compiling 4. Linking 4. What are the differences between compiler and interpreter? Compiler 1. Compiler checks for errors and converts the whole language code into machine code and then creates an output file. 2. Compiler includes resources for the output file after the conversion 3. The advantage of compiler is that the end user cannot view the code. Interpreter 1. Interpreter checks for error in language code and executes them line by line. 2. In interpreter, we require resources before the execution i.e. resources are added dynamically. 3. The disadvantage of interpreter is that the end user can view the code. Compiler 1. A Compiler is needed to translate a program written in a compiled language into machineunderstandable code before you can run the Interpreter 1. A program written in an interpreted language can be run immediately after writing the code.. But such a program always needs
2 program an interpreter to translate high-level instruction into machine- understandable instructions at runtime for execution of each statement 2. When translation is done, the binary code can be saved into an application file. 3. You can keep running the application file without the compiler unless the program is updated and you have to recompile it. 2. Binary file is not stored. 3. You cannot run the program on a machine unless the right interpreter is available. 5. Explain the memory map of C? Source Code segment: The code to be executed is stored here Global or Static memory segment: Global or static variables are stored here for which the scope is from the start to the end of the program. Global variables are accessible throughout the program. Static variables are local variables belonging to a specific function and the y last for the entire period of execution. Stack: All automatic variables are created into stack area. Default storage class of any local variable is auto. This variable may be int, char, float, array, pointer, struct, union etc. It also returns function argument as well as address. It follows LIFO data structure. For a variable, it provides logical address while compiling and converts it into physical address at the time of execution. Heap: It is used for dynamic memory allocation. Its size depends upon free space in the memory. Stack Heap Global/Static Memory Segment Source Code Segment 6. What are the types of operators present in C? What is operator priority and associativity with examples? There are 6 types of operators. Arithmetic Ex :+, -, *, /,% Logical Ex: &&, Conditional Ex:<, >, <=, >=,!= Reference Ex:., &, *, -> Bit wise Ex:&,, ~, ^, >>, <<
3 Other Ex: ( ), [ ], sizeof Priority tells which operation has to be performed first in the given expression. Associativity tells whether the operation has to be performed from left to right or right to left. a=x*y++; Here, x*y is computed first and the y is incremented by 1. a=x*(y++); Here, first y is incremented and then multiplication is computed. 7. How to execute a C program without? Method 1: _start() statement1: statement 2:.. statement n: exit(0); While compiling we have to mention, cc -nostartfiles <filename> Method 2: convergence() statement1: statement 2:.. statement n: exit(0); While compiling we have to mention, cc -nostartfiles -e convergence <filename> 8. What is an array? Explain about arrays and subscript of an array? An array is a sequential memory arrangement of hierarchical elements (elements of same data type). Advantages of an array: It handles huge data and variable representation is easy. Preparation of logic is easy as it is scalable. It provides efficiency as for any number of elements only one index is maintained. They are internally self pointers. Up to 64Kb of memory can be used based on stack. Array name with its index is called Subscript of an array. To get a value from an array we have to use the index 9. What is the difference between character array and string? Explain with an example?
4 Character array is a collection of characters without '\0' at the end and we need to specify '\0' at the end. Ex: char a[15]='c', 'O', 'N', 'V', 'E', 'R', 'G', 'E', 'N', 'C', 'E'; String is a character array with '\0' at the end. Ex: char a*15+= CONVERGENCE ; 10. What is typecasting? How many types of typecasting are present? Explain. Converting one type of datatype to another datatype is called Typecasting. There are 2 types of typecasting. Implicit typecasting: In implicit typecasting, compiler itself converts the datatype value. char a='a'; char a=120; Explicit typecasting: In explicit typecasting, user has to give instructions to the compiler to execute it. int a=10,b=20; float div; div=(float)a/b; 11. What is a Structure? What is the use of structure? Explain with an example. Structure is a user-defined datatype. it is a collection of different type of variables that are referenced by a single name. It provides a convenient means of keeping related information together. Uses of structure: We can perform deep copy. We can define values to all the members of a structure while declaring. Size of a structure variable is equal to the sum of all members/ variables of structure. struct xyz int a; char name[20]; float sal; - a1=,1, convergence, ; //defining values at the time of structure declaration struct xyz a2=a1; //deep copy 12. What is structure padding? Explain the procedure to decrease the padding with example. Allocating more bits than the original size is called Padding and a structure following such padding is called Structure padding. We can reduce the padding in structures by arranging the members of the structure in proper order. To eliminate padding in structures completely we use preprocessing statement, #pragma pack (number of bytes) where number of bytes is given in powers of 2 (0 or 1). struct xyz char name[21]; int a;
5 a; short int sal; The original size of structure variable a is 27 bytes (21+4+2=27). But, it occupies 32 bytes because of structure padding (5 bytes are padded). So, if we rearrange the members of structure in proper order, we can reduce structure padding. struct xyz char name[21]; short int sal; int a; a ; Now, we can observe that the size of structure variable is 28 bytes (4 bytes reduced). Only 1 byte is padded. To eliminate padding completely, we use #pragma pack (1) struct xyz char name[21]; int a; short int sal; a ; 13. What is unnamed structure? What is the use of unnamed structures? Explain. A structure without a name is called Unnamed structure. It is useful in restricting the structure not to create more variables other than created at the time of structure definition. 14. What is Union? Explain. Union is a logical design of a structure. It is also a user-defined datatype. In union, we can store only one data member at a time among all the members declared. Size of union is the maximum size of the variable present in the union. Unions also follow padding. While creating a variable for union datatype, we can define value only to the first member. 15. What are the differences between a structure and a union? Structure Structure is a collection of different datatypes. Size of a structure is sum of all members of structure. We can define values to all the members of a structure while declaring. In a structure, we can store all the members present in it. Union Union is a logical design of a structure. Size of union is the maximum variable size present in the union. While creating a variable for union datatype, we can define value only to the first member. In union, we can store only one data member at a time among all the members declared.
6 16. Explain about typedef with an example? Typedef is used to create an alias name to an existing datatype. a) typedef int num; num a=10; //same as int a=10; b) typedef struct emp int no; a; Here a is alias name for the structure emp. 17. Explain about enum with an example? Enumeration (Enum) is a user-defined datatype which is useful to specify a specific list of named integer constants. The value of first enumeration symbol is zero. Each symbol is given a value one greater than the symbol that precedes it. We can assign any index value while initialization. enum designation manager, assistantmanager=25,hr=10, clerk; enum designation a; a=hr; printf( Value=%d\n,a); Output: What are the differences between an array and a structure? Array It is a sequential memory arrangement of homogeneous elements We can access elements of an array using index i.e. array_name[index] arr[1] Arrays cannot perform deep copy Structure It is a sequential memory arrangement of heterogeneous elements We use member access operator (.) along with structure variable to access structure members i.e. structure_variable.structure_member a.name Structures can perform deep copy 19. What is call by value and call by address in C functions? Call by value: Calling a function by passing a value or a variable that represents a value is called as Call by value. The changes made in formal arguments do not effect the actual arguments. Call by address: Calling a function by passing an address or a variable that represents an address is called as Call by address. The changes made in formal arguments effect the actual arguments. 20. What is a variadic function? Explain with an example. A function which accepts variable number of arguments is called Variadic function. Syntax: <return_type> function_name ( argument var,... ) printf() int printf (const char *control_string,... ) 21. What is a recursive function? Explain. The function calling itself in its definition is called a Recursive function.
7 By recursive function, we can avoid loops, complexity in some logic (some implementations in Data structures). Factorial program #include<stdio.h> int fact(int); int a=5; printf( Factorial of a is : %d \n, fact(a) ); int fact(int x) if(x>1) else return (x*fact(x-1)); return 1; 22. What is a pointer? What s the use of pointers? A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address. This address is the location of another object/variable in memory. Use of pointers: Addresses are global, so we can access data from memory without following the scope. We can directly interact with memory segments of the devices by using pointers. Alias names are possible. Scalability. Dynamic memory allocation. 23. What is Dangling pointer? Explain with an example. A pointer holding address of another type is called as Dangling pointer. #include<stdio.h> int *p; p=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); *p=10; printf( Value in address hold by p is %d\n,*p); // 10 free(p); char *q; q=(char *)malloc(sizeof(char)); *q= A ; printf( Address hold by q is %u\n,q);
8 printf( Address hold by p is %u\n,p); // Even though it is freed, p holds the same address as q printf( Value in addr hold by q is %c\n,*q); // A printf( Value in addr hold by p is %d\n,*p); // 65 To avoid such situations, assign NULL to pointer p after freeing. free(p); P=NULL; 24. What is Static and Dynamic memory allocation of pointers? Explain with an example. Static memory allocation: Assigning the address of existing variable to a pointer is called Static memory allocation. int a=5,*p; p=&a; Dynamic memory allocation: Allocating the free memory externally using functions and assigning the address to a pointer is called Dynamic memory allocation. int *p; p=(int *) malloc(sizeof(int)); The memory is allocated in heap. We can deallocate memory using free(). 25. What is pointer arithmetic? Explain with an example. Performing arithmetic operations on pointers is called Pointer arithmetic. There are only two arithmetic operations that can be performed on pointers: addition and subtraction. Pointers will increase or decrease by the length of datatype they point to. We can add or subtract integers to and from pointers. Subtraction of two pointers of same datatype gives the number of elements between the addresses pointed by those pointers. int *p,*q,*r; int s; p=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); q=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); p+q; // invalid as we cannot add two pointers s=p-q; //result is the number of elements between addresses hold by p and q r=p+2; // result is another address NOTE: Subtraction of pointers of different datatypes is possible. But we need to use typecasting.
9 26. What are pre/post increment /decrement operators present? Explain how these work with normal variables and pointers. The increment and decrement operators are ++ and --. The operator ++ adds 1 to its operand subtracts 1. Pre increment/decrement operator: The difference between the prefix and postfix forms is when you use these operators in an expression. When an increment or decrement operator precedes its operand, the increment or decrement operation is performed before obtaining the value of the operand for use in the expression. x=10; y=++x; So, value of y=11 as x is incremented by 1 and is assigned to y. x=10; y=--x; Here, value of y=9 Post increment/decrement operator: If the operator follows its operand, the value of the operand is obtained before incrementing or decrementing it. x=10; y=x++; So, value of y=10 and x=11. x=10; y=x--; Here, value of y=10 and x=9 We can perform pre/post increment /decrement operations on pointers also. int *p; p=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); p++; // p=p+1 => p+1*(size of the datatype of pointer) If p holds the address 100, then p++ operation results in p holding the address 104 (100+1*4). Similarly, we can perform decrement operation on pointers. 27. What is const char * and char *const pointers? const char * char name[20]; const char *p=name; We cannot make changes in name using the pointer p. But we can change the address hold by pointer p. To make changes in the name, we should use alternate ways. We cannot change the value pointed by pointer p. But we can change the pointer p itself. Note that even char const *p is the same! char *const char name[20];
10 char *const p=name; We cannot change the address hold by pointer p. But, we can make changes in name using the pointer p. We cannot change the address hold by pointer. But we can change the value pointed by p. 28. What is the difference between pointer array and pointer to an array? Pointer array can store group of addresses ( an array of pointers). int *p[5]; Pointer to an array holds the base address of an array with a given size. int (*p)[5]; 29. What is multi pointer? Explain. C Language allows declaring a pointer as a single, double, triple etc. as per the requirements. A single pointer holds the address of a value of given datatype. int a=15,*p; p=&a; A double pointer holds the address of a single pointer. int a=25,*p, **q; p=&a; q=&p; 30. What are Qualifiers and Specifiers? Explain with an example. Specifiers: We can change the range and behaviour of a variable by adding specifiers to the datatypes. Specifiers are of 4 types. a) Signed b) Unsigned c) Short d) Long signed long int takes 4 bytes of memory. short int takes 2 bytes of memory(signed or unsigned). Qualifiers: Qualifiers specify how a variable can be accessed or modified. Qualifiers are of 3 types. a) Const b) Volatile c) Restrict const: The value of variable cannot be changed via the program. volatile: Compiler is informed that the value of variable may be changed in ways not explicitly specified by the program. restrict: Used for reference purpose (passes pointers holding some values). 31. What are command line arguments? Explain with an example. If we can pass the inputs along with program name at command prompt is called Command line arguments. touch command
11 #include<stdio.h> main (int argc, char *argv[]) if(argc==1) printf( No input is given\n ); else FILE *fp; int i; for(i=1;i<argc;i++) fp=fopen(argv*i+, a ); fclose(fp); 32. Explain malloc, calloc and realloc with example? malloc function allocates given number of bytes in heap and returns the address which is of void type. A void pointer is a pointer that may point to any kind of data. Syntax: (int *)malloc (size); calloc allocates memory from heap and it initializes all the bits in the allocated space to zero. Syntax: calloc (number of blocks, blocksize); realloc is useful to reallocate the allocated memory space. If given memory is not enough, then it will allocate the memory at another location and dump the values from old memory and deallocate the old memory Syntax: new_addr=realloc (allocated memory addr, number of bytes); 33. What are Macros and conditional macros? Explain with example. Macro is a statement which replaces the statement with definition at the time of preprocessing. We cannot use macros for datatypes. Syntax: #define macroname definition #define sqr(x) x*x; Conditional macros: Conditional macros are useful to place a code in a program based on some conditions at the time of preprocessing. Some of the conditional macros are #if, #else, #elif and #endif. #include<stdio.h> #define MAX 100 int main(void) #if MAX>99 printf( Compiled for array greater tha n 99\n ): #endif return 0; 34. What are Storage classes present in C Language? Explain with examples. Storage classes provide the scope and longevity of a variable. Automatic storage class:
12 Automatic variables are local variables in a function. These variables longevity is from starting of the function to end of it. Automatic variable can be declared by using the keyword auto. The default storage class of any variable declared in a function is auto. auto int x=100; Static storage class: Static variables are local variables in a function. The variable s longevity is from the first time it is called. Then it will allocate memory, initialize value and from the next time it will continue with its previous value till the end of the program. Static variable can be declared by using the keyword static. Static variables have auto definition with zero. banner(); -- void banner() static int x=10; Global storage class: Global variables are local variables to all functions. The variable s longevity is from the start of th program to the end of the program. If we declare anything outside the function is called a global declaration, which we can access in all the functions present after the declaration. Global variables have auto definition with zero. int x=10; void banner() void display()
13 Extern storage class: Extern is useful to provide the accessibility on a global variable to the code segment where we don t have accessibility. Extern variable can be declared by using the keyword extern. extern int x; void banner() // x can be accessed here int x=10; void display() NOTE: We cannot initialize the extern variable. extern int x=10; This is invalid. But, we can initialize an extern variable if global variable is not present. Register: Registers are small memories present on the system board whose accessibility is fast when compared to other memories. The keyword used to declare such type of variable is register. register int x=10; 35. What is Deep copy and Shallow copy? Explain with an example. Deep copy: In any expression having the assignment operator, if the entire data from right side variable is copied into left side variable, then it is called Deep copy. int a=10,b; b=a;
14 Shallow copy: In any expression having the assignment operator, if the memory address of right side variable is copied into left side variable, then it is called Shallow copy. char * a= Convergence, b; b=a; 36. What is the difference between char * and string? char * is a pointer which holds the address of memory where we store character data. char * a; String is an array with collection of characters and a NULL character at the end of the data. char a* += Convergence ;
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