Basic C Programming. Bin Li Assistant Professor Dept. of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering University of Rhode Island
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1 Basic C Programming Bin Li Assistant Professor Dept. of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering University of Rhode Island
2 Announcements Exam 1 (20%): Feb. 27 (Tuesday) Tentative Proposal Deadline: Mar. 9 (Thursday) Proposal deadline: Mar. 20 (Tuesday of week 10) In-class presentation: Mar. 20 & 22 (week 10)
3 Software Translation Machine language: CPU Instructions represented in binary Assembly language: CPU Easier to read Like Machine language High-level language: commonly used languages (C, C++, Java) Easier to use
4 Compilation and Interpretation Compilation: translate instructions once before running the code C, C++, Java (partially) Translation occurs only once, saves time Interpretation: Translate instructions while code is executed Basic, Java (partially) Translation occurs every execution Translation can adapt to runtime situation
5 Why C? Why C? Most system programs are written in C, not even C++, for fast execution. The kernels of most operating systems are written in C. A lot of projects use C. Pros and cons Fast execution Easy memory management programming Bit operation But a bit complex concepts of pointer, type conversion and memory allocation 5
6 IEEE 2017 Top Programming Languages 6
7 Brief History of C Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with Unix Due mostly to Dennis Ritchie Designed for systems programming Operating systems Utility programs Compilers Filters ( ) 7
8 Elements of a C Program A C development environment includes System libraries and headers: a set of standard libraries and their header files. For example see /usr/include and glibc. Application Source: application source and header files Compiler: converts source to object code for a specific platform Linker: resolves external references and produces the executable module User program structure There must be one main function where execution begins when the program is run. This function is called main. int main (void) {... }, int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {... } Additional local and external functions and variables Excellent Reference: 8
9 Getting Started C program files should end with.c. hello.c #include <stdio.h> // similar to import statements in Java // stdio.h includes the information about the standard library void main() // similar to main method in Java { printf ( hello, world\n ); // printf() defined in stdio.h } How to compile? $ gcc hello.c or $ gcc hello.c -o hello If you do not have anything wrong, you will see a.out (or hello) in the same working directory. How to run? $./a.out or $./hello Online compiler: 9
10 What is gcc? gcc stands for GNU C/C++ Compiler a popular console-based compiler for *NIX platforms and others; can cross-compile code for various architectures gcc to compile C programs; g++ for C++ can actually work with also ADA, Java, and a couple other languages gcc performs all of these: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking As always: there is man gcc
11 Options There are zillions of them, but there are some the most often used ones: To compile: -c Specify output filename: -o <filename> Tells gcc where to look for include files (.h): -I Show all (most) warnings: -Wall Optimizations: -O, -O* Include debugging symbols: -g GDB friendly output: -ggdb
12 Options: -c gcc performs compilation and assembly of the source file without linking. The output are usually object code files,.o; they can later be linked and form the desired executables. Generates one object file per source file keeping the same prefix (before.) of the filename.
13 Options: -o <filename> Places resulting file into the filename specified instead of the default one. Can be used with any generated files (object, executables, assembly, etc.) If you have the file called source.c; the defaults are: source.o if -c was specified a.out if executable These can be overridden with the -o option.
14 Options: -I Tells gcc where to look for include files (.h). Can be any number of these. Usually needed when including headers from various-depth directories in non-standard places without necessity specifying these directories with the.c files themselves, e.g.: #include myheader.h vs. #include../foo/bar/myheader.h
15 Options: -Wall Shows most of the warnings related to possibly incorrect code. -Wall is a combination of a large common set of the -W options together. These typically include: unused variables possibly uninitialized variables when in use for the first time defaulting return types missing braces and parentheses in certain context that make it ambiguous Always a recommended option to save your bacon from some hidden bugs. Try always using it and avoid having those warnings.
16 Options: -O, -O1, -O2, -O3, -O0, -Os Various levels of optimization of the code -O1 to -O3 are various degrees of optimization targeted for speed If -O is added, then the code size is considered -O0 means no optimization -Os targets generated code size (forces not to use optimizations resulting in bigger code). August 7, 2003 Serguei A. Mokhov, 16
17 Options: -g Includes debugging info in the generated object code. This info can later be used in gdb. gcc allows to use -g with the optimization turned on (-O) in case there is a need to debug or trace the optimized code.
18 Options: -ggdb In addition to -g produces the most GDB-friendly output if enabled.
19 Getting Started Lines beginning with # are processed by the preprocessor before compilation. printf ("hello, world\n"); " " is a character string. This is also called a string constant. printf() is a library function to print a string to the terminal. Primitive data types similar to those in Java char, short, int, long, float, double, Same control structures as those in Java if, if-else, for, while, do-while, switch Same operators (we will discuss some new ones later.) +, -, *, /, %, =, ==,!=, &&,, 19
20 Getting Started 20
21 Getting Started The standard C library libc is included automatically Normal termination: void exit(int status); calls functions registered with at exit() flush output streams close all open streams return status value and control to host environment /* you generally want to * include stdio.h and * stdlib.h * */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main (void) { printf( Hello World\n ); exit(0); } 21
22 Source and Header files Header files (*.h) export interface definitions function prototypes, data types, macros, inline functions and other common declarations Do not place source code (i.e. definitions) in the header file with a few exceptions. inline d code class definitions const definitions C preprocessor (cpp) is used to insert common definitions into source files There are other cool things you can do with the preprocessor 22
23 Source and Header files /usr/include/stdio.h /* comments */ #ifndef _STDIO_H #define _STDIO_H... definitions and protoypes #endif /usr/include/stdlib.h /* prevents including file * contents multiple * times */ #ifndef _STDLIB_H #define _STDLIB_H... definitions and protoypes #endif #include directs the preprocessor to include the contents of the file at this point in the source file. #define directs preprocessor to define macros. example.c /* this is a C-style comment * You generally want to palce * all file includes at start of file * */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main (int argc, char **argv) { // this is a C++-style comment // printf prototype in stdio.h printf( Hello, Prog name = %s\n, argv[0]); exit(0); } 23
24 C Standard Header Files Common Standard Headers: stdio.h file and console (also a file) IO: perror, printf, open, close, read, write, scanf, etc. stdlib.h - common utility functions: malloc, calloc, strtol, atoi, etc string.h - string and byte manipulation: strlen, strcpy, strcat, memcpy, memset, etc. ctype.h character types: isalnum, isprint, isupper, tolower, etc. errno.h defines errno used for reporting system errors math.h math functions: ceil, exp, floor, sqrt, etc. signal.h signal handling facility: raise, signal, etc stdint.h standard integer: intn_t, uintn_t, etc time.h time related facility: asctime, clock, time_t, etc. 24
25 Preprocessor The C preprocessor permits you to define simple macros that are evaluated and expanded prior to compilation. Commands begin with a #. Abbreviated list: #define : defines a macro #undef : removes a macro definition #include : insert text from file #if : conditional based on value of expression #ifdef : conditional based on whether macro defined #ifndef : conditional based on whether macro is not defined #else : alternative #elif : conditional alternative defined() : preprocessor function: 1 if name defined, else 0 e. g., #if defined( NetBSD ) 25
26 printf() and scanf printf() is a library function to print a string to the terminal. The C library function int scanf(const char *format,...) reads formatted input from stdin. 26
27 Example using printf & scanf #include <stdio.h> int main() { char str1[20], str2[30]; printf("enter name: "); scanf("%s", str1); printf("enter your website name: "); scanf("%s", str2); printf("entered Name: %s\n", str1); printf("entered Website:%s\n", str2); return(0); } 27
28 Another C Program Can you write a program to convert Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius temperature? The conversion formula: C = 5 / 9 (F 32) 28
29 Another C Program #include <stdio.h> /* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table for fahr = 0, 20, 40,..., 300, using a loop */ main() { int fahr, celsius; int lower, upper, step; lower = 0; /* lower limit of temperature scale */ upper = 300; // upper limit step = 20; // step size fahr = lower; } while (fahr <= upper) { celsius = 5 * (fahr-32) / 9; printf("%d\t%d\n", fahr, celsius); fahr = fahr + step; } // integer value? 29
30 Identifiers and Case Sensitivity A variable name in C is any valid identifier. An identifier is a series of characters consisting of letters, digits and underscores (_) that does not begin with a digit. C is case sensitive uppercase and lowercase letters are different in C, so a1 and A1 are different identifiers. 30
31 Another C Program printf("%d\t%d\n", fahr, celsius); %d specifies an integer argument (d: decimal). Output Can we print better? Like printf("%3d\t%6d\n", fahr, celsius); 31
32 Another C Program Is there any problem in the above output? The Celsius temperatures in the previous out are not accurate. For example 0 o F is o C. Then? We can use float data type for fahr and celsius instead of int. float fahr, celsius; Then how to print real numbers using printf()? celsius = 5 * (fahr-32) / 9; // okay? printf("%3.0f\t%6.1f\n", fahr, celsius); %f specifies a floating point argument (f: floating point). 6.1 means 1 decimal out of 6 digits. 32
33 Another C Program Some common errors: printf("%d\t%6.1f\n", fahr, celsius);??? printf("%3.0f\t%6.1f\n", fahr);??? printf("%6.1f\n", fahr, celsius);??? 33
34 Format Specifiers Summary of printf() format specifiers %d %6d %f %6f %.2f %6.2f point print as decimal integer print as decimal integer, at least 6 characters wide print as floating point print as floating point, at least 6 characters wide print as floating point, 2 characters after decimal point print as floating point, at least 6 characters wide and 2 after decimal 34
35 Format Specifiers Other format specifiers %o %x %c %s %%% for octal for hexadecimal for character for character string itself 35
36 Symbolic Constants #define name replacement_list #include <stdio.h> #define LOWER 0 #define UPPER 300 #define STEP 20 main() { float fahr, celsius; } for (fahr = LOWER; fahr <= UPPER; fahr = fahr + STEP) { celsius = 5 * (fahr-32) / 9; printf("%3.0f\t%6.1f\n", fahr, celsius); } 36
37 Code Optimization (optimize.c) #include<stdio.h> void main() { double counter; double result; double temp; for(counter=0; counter<(2000.0*2000.0*2000.0) / ; counter+=(5-1)/4) { temp = counter/1979; result = counter; } printf("result is %1f\n", result); }
38 Code Optimization gcc optimize.c o optimize time./optimize gcc O optimize.c o optimize time./optimize
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