Test Results Schedule Miscellanea Control Structs. Add l Oper s Break Hands on Q & A Conclusion References Files

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1 CSC Computer Science I Lecture #5: Chapter 7 Dr. Chuck Cartledge September 21, 2016 at 9:10am 1/37

2 Table of contents I 1 Test Results 2 Schedule 3 Miscellanea 4 Control Structs. 5 Add l Oper s 6 Break 7 Hands on 8 Q & A 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Files 2/37

3 Histograms Histogram of questions and misses 3/37

4 Histograms Histogram of letter grades Test scores are only part of your final grade. See syllabus. 4/37

5 Histograms Q & A time. The Answer to the Great Question... Of Life, the Universe and Everything... is... forty-two, said Deep Thought, with infinite majesty and calm. Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy 5/37

6 Schedule for the semester Wk. Date Topic Wk. Date Topic 1 08/22 Chaps /17 Chap /29 Chaps /24 Chaps /05 Chap /31 Chaps /12 Test Chap /07 Test Chap /19 Chap /14 Chap /26 Chap /28 Chap /03 Chap /05 Chap /10 Test Chap /12 Exam 6/37

7 Programming assignment #003 File Based Address Book Objectives are fairly straightforward: Accept commands from the user Read strings from a data file Search strings for data from user Output strings to the screen in a particular format, or output message Submit your source code. This is a single person effort (not a team effort). Due by start of class 4 Oct /37

8 Corrections and additions since last lecture. Graded, and re-graded the test Check syllabus to see how grades are computed Homework for chapter 6 due before class Exchanged s and had office hours (video conference) 8/37

9 This and that Read from a file. Objectives are fairly straightforward: Read strings from a data file. First string is the key. Second string is the plain text. Output plain and encrypted strings to the screen in a particular order Submit your source code. This is a single person effort (not a team effort). Any questions or problems? 9/37

10 Things from the past Flow of control There are limited number of different flow of control Sequential instructions are executed in order Function calls program execution is transferred to a function and then returned (with or without a return value) Selection some instructions are executed, but others are not Looping a set of instructions is executed more than once 10/37

11 Things from the past The if statement. The if statement, evaluates a conditional as true or false When the conditional is true then the next statement is executed. The conditional can be simple or complex. Examples of if statements: if ( true ) cout << "The condition is true." << endl; if ( true ) cout << "The condition is true." << endl; if ( a > 3 ) cout << "a is greater than 3" << endl; if ( (a < 2) (3 < a) ) cout << "a is less than 2 OR greater than 3" << endl; if ( (a < 2) && (3 < a) ) cout << "a is less than 2 AND greater than 3 (impossible)" << endl; 11/37

12 Things from the past What if we want to execute more than one statement? We look at what defines a statement. if ( true ) cout << "The condition is true." << endl; else cout << "The condition is false." << endl; if ( a > 3 ) { cout << "a is greater than 3" << endl; cout << "And we can do other things." << endl; } else { cout << "a is NOT greater than 3" << endl; cout << "As well when the condition is false." << endl; } 12/37

13 Things from the past Basic looping structures while loop while ( conditional) { statements with changer} for loop for (initial; conditional; changer) { statements } do...while loop do { statements with changer} while (conditional) Handcrafted (which we won t go into) 13/37

14 Things from the past The infinite loop There may be times when you want a loop to repeat, but the terminate conditions are too hard to make into a set of comparisons. std::string filename = "/tmp/temp.txt"; std::ifstream inputfile; int data = 0; inputfile.open(filename.c_str()); for (; ;) { data << inputfile; if (data == 37){ break; } else { if ( data == 16){ continue; } } data += 42; } break breaks out of the current control structure. continue continues execution at the top of the control structure. 14/37

15 Things from the past What if there is more than one other case The if statement handles exactly one conditional and then executes code based on whether that conditional is true or false if statements can be nested to create very complex conditional expressions. But how can we efficiently handle many conditionals at once? Enter the switch statement. The switch statement compares one expression against a number of conditions and executes code when the condition is true. We ll play with the if.cpp and switch.cpp programs. 15/37

16 Things from the past Notional switch structure structure The switch statement is a selection control structure for multi-way branching. IntegralExpression any expression that can be reduced to an integer value case Constant# any constant value that is the same type as the IntegralExpression default the case when no other cases match Image from [2]. 16/37

17 Things from the past Same image. Image from [2]. 17/37

18 Things from the past Example of a switch statement cin >> letter >> first >> second; switch (letter) { case A : answer = (first + second); cout << first << " + " << second << " is " << answer << endl; break; case S : answer = (first - second); cout << first << " - " << second << " is " << answer << endl; break; } 18/37

19 Things from the past More details about the switch statement The value of IntegralExpression (of char, short, int, long or enum type) determines which branch is executed Case labels are constant integral expressions Several case labels can precede a statement Control branches to the statement following the case label that matches the value of IntegralExpression Control proceeds through all remaining statements, including the default, unless redirected with break If no case label matches the value of IntegralExpression, control branches to the default label, if present Otherwise control passes to the statement following the entire switch statement Forgetting to use break can cause logical errors 19/37

20 Things from the past Misc. things about break and continue statements A break statement can be used in switch or any of the 3 looping structures It causes an immediate exit from the current structure If used in a nested structure, it only exits the current structure A continue statement can only be used in a looping structure It terminates the current iteration, but not the entire loop In a for loop, the update is still done In a do while the exit condition is tested Indiscriminate use of break and continue can lead to confusing code. 20/37

21 More about C++ operators C++ operators we will know and love. There are a lot of declared operators in C++. Over the next few months will will learn about the ones in red, and possibly the ones in green. Image from [1]. 21/37

22 More about C++ operators Same image. Image from [1]. 22/37

23 More about C++ operators With so many operators, which has precedence? Not all operations are left to right. Precedence can be affected by using parenthesis. Image from [3]. 23/37

24 More about C++ operators Same image. Image from [3]. 24/37

25 More about C++ operators With so many operators, which has precedence? Not all operations are left to right. Precedence can be affected by using parenthesis. Image from [3]. 25/37

26 More about C++ operators Same image. Image from [3]. 26/37

27 More about C++ operators Specialized C++ operators What do these expressions do and why? Interesting expressions: 23; 2 * (alpha + beta); delta = 2 * 12; Confusing expressions: int1 = 14; int2 = ++int1; int1 = 14; int2 = int1++; When in doubt, fire up CodeBlocks and test them out. 27/37

28 fragile Bit operators What do these fragments produce, and why? When in doubt, fire up CodeBlocks and test them out. 28/37

29 fragile What if we don t like the type of our variable? There may be some cases where we want the compiler to change the type of our data. This is known as casting the variable. It really is changing the value of the variable to the desired type. Functional notation intvar = int(floatvar); Prefix notation intvar = (int) floatvar; Keyword notation intvar = static cast<int>(floatvar); Keyword notation is gaining popularity because it is easy to locate in multiple files. 29/37

30 fragile What are the mechanics behind casting values? There are only two cases: If there is only one data type involved Trivial case: nothing happens If there is more than one data type involved Each data type is promoted to the next higher data type, until we have a trivial case. Order of data type promotion: int, unsigned int. long, float, double, long double Casting also happens behind the scenes with conditionals. Best advice is to compare like types. 30/37

31 fragile A special C++ operator? This type of logic happens a lot: if (someconditional) c = something; else c = somethingelse; If fact it is so common in the C/C++ world, that it was added to the language. It looks like this: c = (someconditional)? something : somethingelse; Reduces likelihood of typing errors 31/37

32 Break time. Take about 10 minutes. 32/37

33 Practice exercises Programs to load into CodeBlocks and get running: 1 if.cpp (look at and understand how nested sequential ifs work) 2 switch.cpp (expand the program to print the first stanza when a 0 is entered) 3 switches.cpp (expand to support multiple case labels, or something else) Others, if you have time. 33/37

34 Q & A time. The Answer to the Great Question... Of Life, the Universe and Everything... is... forty-two, said Deep Thought, with infinite majesty and calm. Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy 34/37

35 What have we covered? Returned and discussed test #01 Covered looping statements in different forms Talked about low level C++ operators Talked about changing the type of variables (casting) Chapter 7 homework before class Next time: Chapter 8 35/37

36 References I [1] Richard Smith et al., Working draft, standard for programming language c++, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 document N 4296 (2015). [2] Sylvia Sorkin, Programming and problem solving with c++, Teacher Resource Jones and Barlett Learning, [3] C++ Staff, C++ operator precedence, operator_precedence, /37

37 Files of interest 1 if.cpp (just to start) 3 switches.cpp (to expand) 2 switch.cpp (to expand) 4 Programming assignment #003 37/37

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