Chapter 2. Section 2.5 while Loop. CS 50 Hathairat Rattanasook

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1 Chapter 2 Section 2.5 while Loop CS 50 Hathairat Rattanasook

2 Loop Iteration means executing a code segment more than once. A loop is an iterative construct. It executes a statement 0..n times while a condition is true When the condition becomes false, the loop stops and continues executing the code after the loop. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 1

3 while - loop A while loop is an iterative construct. The while loop form is below: while (expression) statement; Expression: When the while loop begins executing, the expression inside the parentheses is evaluated for the first time. The expression must evaluate to a True value every iteration so that the statement in the while loop will be executed. The loop is terminated when the expression is false. Statement: The statement is executed each time the expression tests true. The statement will never be executed if the expression is false for the first time of execution. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 2

4 while loop Example int number = 0; while (number < 5); printf("%d", number++); Sequence of running the program: Create a memory location for variable of type int and assign a value 0 to it. The name of this variable is number. The expression number < 5 is evaluated. It is true. The printf statement is executed. Output: 0 number is incremented by 1 Is 1 smaller than 5? It is true. The printf print out: 1 The program is repeating until the expression is false. When the number is 5, the while loop is terminated. The final output is: CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 3

5 Question 1? 1. Can you create a loop that prints: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10? while (expression) statement; CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 4

6 Answer 1 1. Can you create a loop that prints: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10? int i = 0; while (i <= 10) if (i == 10) printf("%d", i); // do not print comma else printf("%d, ", i); // print comma after number i++; CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 5

7 Question 2? 1. Can you create a triangle of 10 lines using while loop(s)? Output: * ** *** **** ***** ****** ******* ******** ********* ********** CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 6

8 Answer 2 1. Can you create a loop that prints a triangle of 10 lines? int row = 0; int col; while (row < 10) // print 10 lines col = 0; while (col <= row) // for each row, print n starts printf("*"); // 1st row print 1, 2nd row print 2, etc. col++; printf("\n"); // line break to start next line row++; CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 7

9 Question 3? 1. Can you create a pyramid of 10 lines using while loop(s)? Output: * *** ***** ******* ********* *********** ************* *************** ***************** ******************* CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 8

10 Answer 3 1. Can you create a loop that prints a triangle of 10 lines? int row = 0; int col = 0; int start, end, i; while (row < 10) // print 10 rows start = 10 - row; // start * at center (10) minus row number end = 10 + row; // end * at center (10) plus row number i = 0; while (i <= end) if (i < start) printf(" "); // print " " at beginning of line else printf("*"); // print * between start and end i++; printf("\n"); row++; CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 9

11 getchar() and putchar() getchar() and putchar() are two utilities provided by a standard library as well as printf() and scanf() which we learned about in the previous chapter. getchar() reads a character from a keyboard and returns the corresponding integer. putchar() takes an argument of type int and outputs the corresponding ASCII character on the terminal screen. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 10

12 getchar() and putchar() Example This program takes input from the keyboard and copies that input back to the terminal screen. Program: Output: #include <stdio.h> int main() int c; printf("please input a value :"); c = getchar(); printf("\nyou entered: "); putchar(c); return 0; CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 11

13 EOF stands for End Of File. EOF EOF is the special value that getchar() sends to a program to tell the program that it is the end of input. EOF is usually -1. On a UNIX or Linux or OSX system, the end of the input from the keyboard is Ctrl+D. On a Windows system, the signal is Ctrl+Z. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 12

14 EOF Example This program takes input from the keyboard until it encounters the EOF character. Program: #include <stdio.h> int main() int iochar; iochar = getchar(); Output: while (iochar!= EOF) putchar(iochar); iochar = getchar(); return 0; After the second c character is shown, CONTROL+D / CONTROL+Z is pressed to stop the while loop. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 13

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