CS161 Midterm 1 Review
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1 CS161 Midterm 1 Review Midterm 1: March 4, 18:3020:00 Same room as lecture
2 Security Analysis and Threat Model Basic security properties CIA Threat model A. We want perfect security B. Security is about risk analysis and economics Answer is B.
3 Software Vulnerabilities Buffer overflow vulnerabilities and attacks Integer overflow vulnerabilities and attacks Format string vulnerabilities and attacks Arc injection/return-to-libc/rop vulnerabilities and attacks General control hijacking attacks Data hijacking attacks
4 General Control Hijacking Control Flow Pointer return address frame pointer function pointer as local variable exception Handler jump to address longjmp pointer function pointer in heap expected code shellcode, library (return to libc) Overwrite Step: Find some way to modify a Control Flow Pointer to point to your shellcode, library entry point, or other code of interest. Activate Step: Find some way to activate that modified Control Flow Pointer. Dawn Song 4
5 Location in Memory Stack Instances of Control Hijacking Control Flow How to Pointer activate Return Address Return from function Stack Frame Pointer Return from function Stack Function Pointers as local variables Reference and call function pointer Stack Exception Handler Trigger Exception Heap Function pointer in heap (i.e. method of an object) Reference and call function pointer setjmp and longjmp program state buffer Call longjmp Anywhe re (stack frame) Ret Addr Frame Ptr exception handers local fn ptrs buf (HEA Object P) T ptr vtable FP1: FP2: FP3: data buf method method #2 #1 method #3 longjmp (HEA Object P) ptr T vtable FP1: FP2: FP3: data buf method method #2 #1 method #3 saved pointer other data buf Dawn Song 5
6 Data Hijacking odifying data in a way not intended Example: Authentication variab arguments arguments arguments return address return return address address stack stack frame frame pointer pointer stack frame pointer authentication_variable buffer authentication_variable authentication_variable buffer buffer Normal Situation: Exploited Situation: User types in a password which is stored in the to buffer, and if the long enough overflow buffer Dawn Song user is successfully authenticated, thethe authentication_variable is and into the authentication_variable. user is now 6
7 Stack and Format Strings Function behavior is controlled by the format string Retrieves parameters from stack as requested: % Example: A Address of the format printf( Number %d has no string address, number %d has: stack top <&a> <a> <i> A stack bottom %08x\n, I, a, &a) i Value of variable I a Value of variable a &a Address of variable a
8 SW Vuln. Defenses Non-execute (NX) Stack canaries ASLR Bounds check Which defenses are effective against what attacks?
9 Effectiveness and Limitations Defense against buffer overflow attacks * When Applicable ns tio a g iti Code Injection M / s e s fenstack Non-Execute (NX)* e D Non-Execute (NX)* Stack ASLR ASLR StacKGuard(Canaries) StacKGuard(Canaries) ProPolice /GS libsafe Arc Injection ASLR ASLR StacKGuard(Canaries) StacKGuard(Canaries) ProPolice /GS libsafe Heap Non-Execute (NX)* ASLR PointGuard ASLR PointGuard Exceptio Exceptio n n Handler Handler s s Non-Execute (NX)* Non-Execute (NX)* ASLR ASLR SAFESEH and SEHOP ASLR ASLR SAFESEH and SEHOP Dawn Song 9
10 Fuzzing Random fuzzing Mutation-based fuzzing Generation-based fuzzing Code coverage line, branch and path coverage Example problem: given a program, calculate how many inputs can achieve a full line/branch/path coverage (e.g., Discussion 5)
11 Coverage Metrics Lines
12 Coverage Metrics Lines
13 Coverage Metrics Lines Branche s
14 Coverage Metrics Lines Branche s
15 Coverage Metrics Lines Branche s Paths
16 Coverage Metrics Lines Branche s Paths
17 Coverage Metrics Lines Branche s Paths
18 Quiz on Line Coverage How many lines are in this code? How many test cases (pairs of values for (a,b)) are needed to achieve 100% line coverage?
19 Quiz on Branch Coverage How many branches are in this code? How many test cases (pairs of values for (a,b) are needed to achieve 100% branch coverage?
20 Quiz on Path Coverage How many paths are in this code? How many test cases (pairs of values for (a,b) are needed to achieve 100% path coverage?
21 Completeness of Coverage Metrics Which of the following coverage results guarantee the bug will be found? 100% line coverage 100% branch coverage 100% path coverage None of the above
22 Properties of Coverage Metrics A numeric measure of an analysis An objective basis for comparing different analyses A way to evaluate if no progress is made (no coverage metrics are increasing) Important: Metrics are not sufficient conditions for completeness. 100% coverage does not mean all sources of vulnerabilities have been evaluated.
23 Symbolic Execution Path predicates Security vulnerabilities as assertion violations How to use symbolic execution to find bugs Constraint-based automatic test case generation Challenges for symbolic execution
24 Assertion Violation as Satisfiability In the appropriate theory, the formula input < UINT_MAX -2 && len == input + 3 &&! (len < 10) &&! (len % 2 == 0) &&!(len < UINT_MAX 1) is satisfied by the assignment err input len UINT_MAX -3 UINT_MAX
25 Quiz: Branches and Paths F 1 1F F T 1T 2 2F T 2T 3 F n nf Suppose we generate one path predicate for each path through this program. How many path predicates are generated? T nt ER R Suppose we want to know if there is a feasible path to the location ERR in this program.
26 Quiz: Branches and Paths F 1 1F F T 1T 2 2F T 2T 3 F n nf Suppose we generate one path predicate for each path through this program. How many path predicates are generated? T nt ER R Suppose we want to know if there is a feasible path to the location ERR in this program. 2n
27 Quiz: Branches and Paths F 1 1F F T 1T 2 2F T 2T 3 F n nf Suppose we generate one path predicate for each path through this program. How many path predicates are generated? T nt ER R Suppose we want to know if there is a feasible path to the location ERR in this program. 2n Number of predicates can be exponential in the number of branches.
28 Topics Covered in Midterm 2 Static analysis Program Verification Security principles and architectures Malware Other topics after midterm 2
29
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