Appendices E through I are PDF documents posted online at the book s Companion Website (located at

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Contents Appendices E through I are PDF documents posted online at the book s Companion Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel). Preface 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.

1 Contents Appendices E through I are PDF documents posted online at the book s Companion Website (located at Preface Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the Web Introduction Computers: Hardware and Software Computer Organization Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing The Internet and the World Wide Web Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages History of C C Standard Library C++ Java Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and.net Key Software Trend: Object Technology Typical C Program Development Environment Hardware Trends Notes About C and This Book Web Resources xxi Introduction to C Programming 23 3 Structured Program Development in C Introduction A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers Memory Concepts Arithmetic in C Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Introduction Algorithms

2 x Contents 3.3 Pseudocode Control Structures The if Selection Statement The if else Selection Statement The while Repetition Statement Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Repetition Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, StepwiseRefinement Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, StepwiseRefinement Case Study 3: Nested Control Structures Assignment Operators Increment and Decrement Operators 78 4 CProgram Control Introduction Repetition Essentials Counter-Controlled Repetition for Repetition Statement for Statement: Notes and Observations Examples Using the for Statement switch Multiple-Selection Statement do while Repetition Statement break and continue Statements Logical Operators Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=)Operators Structured Programming Summary CFunctions Introduction ProgramModules in C Math Library Functions Functions Function Definitions Function Prototypes Function Call Stack and Activation Records Headers Calling Functions By Value and By Reference Random Number Generation Example: AGame of Chance Storage Classes Scope Rules Recursion Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series Recursion vs. Iteration 174

3 Contents xi 6 CArrays Introduction Arrays Defining Arrays Array Examples Passing Arrays to Functions Sorting Arrays Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays Searching Arrays Multiple-Subscripted Arrays CPointers Introduction Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization Pointer Operators Passing Arguments to Functions byreference Using the const Qualifier with Pointers Bubble Sort Using Call-by-Reference sizeof Operator Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic Relationship between Pointers and Arrays Arrays of Pointers Case Study: Card Shuffling and DealingSimulation Pointers to Functions CCharacters and Strings Introduction Fundamentals ofstrings andcharacters Character-Handling Library String-Conversion Functions Standard Input/Output Library Functions String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library Search Functions of the String-Handling Library Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library Other Functions of the String-Handling Library CFormatted Input/Output Introduction Streams Formatting Output with printf Printing Integers Printing Floating-Point Numbers 359

4 xii Contents 9.6 Printing Strings and Characters Other Conversion Specifiers Printing with Field Widths and Precision Using Flags in the printf FormatControl String Printing Literals and Escape Sequences Reading Formatted Inputwith scanf CStructures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations Introduction Structure Definitions Initializing Structures Accessing Structure Members Using Structures with Functions typedef Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Unions Bitwise Operators Bit Fields Enumeration Constants CFile Processing Introduction Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Creating asequential-access File ReadingData fromasequential-access File Random-Access Files Creating arandom-access File Writing Data Randomly to arandom-access File Reading Data from arandom-access File Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program CData Structures Introduction Self-Referential Structures Dynamic Memory Allocation Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees CPreprocessor Introduction 496

5 Contents xiii 13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants #define Preprocessor Directive:Macros Conditional Compilation #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives # and ## Operators Line Numbers Predefined Symbolic Constants Assertions Other CTopics Introduction Redirecting I/O Variable-Length Argument Lists Using Command-Line Arguments Notes oncompiling Multiple-Source-File Programs Program Termination with exit and atexit volatile Type Qualifier Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants More on Files Signal Handling Dynamic MemoryAllocation: Functions calloc and realloc Unconditional Branching with goto C++ asabetter C; Introducing Object Technology Introduction C ASimple Program: Adding Two Integers C++Standard Library Header Files Inline Functions References and Reference Parameters Empty Parameter Lists DefaultArguments Unary Scope Resolution Operator Function Overloading Function Templates Introduction to Object Technology and theuml Wrap-Up Introduction to Classes and Objects Introduction Classes, Objects, Member Functionsand Data Members 561

6 xiv Contents 16.3 Defining aclass with amember Function Defining amember Function with aparameter Data Members, set Functions and get Functions Initializing Objects with Constructors PlacingaClassinaSeparate File for Reusability Separating Interface from Implementation Validating Data with set Functions Wrap-Up Classes: ADeeper Look, Part Introduction Time Class Case Study ClassScope and Accessing ClassMembers Separating Interface from Implementation Access Functions and Utility Functions Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments Destructors When Constructors and Destructors are Called Time ClassCase Study: ASubtle Trap Returning areference to a private Data Member DefaultMemberwiseAssignment Wrap-Up Classes: ADeeper Look,Part Introduction const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions Composition: Objects as Members of Classes friend Functions and friend Classes Using the this Pointer static ClassMembers Data Abstraction and Information Hiding Wrap-Up Operator Overloading Introduction Fundamentals of Operator Overloading Restrictions on Operator Overloading Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Function Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators Overloading Unary Operators Overloading Binary Operators Dynamic Memory Management Case Study: Array Class Converting between Types 696

7 Contents xv Building a String Class Overloading ++ and Case Study: ADate Class Standard Library Class string explicit Constructors Proxy Classes Wrap-Up Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance Introduction Base Classes and Derived Classes protected Members Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance Creating a CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes public, protected and private Inheritance Software EngineeringwithInheritance Wrap-Up Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism Introduction PolymorphismExamples Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy Invoking Base-Class Functions fromderived-class Objects Aiming Derived-ClassPointers at Base-Class Objects Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers Virtual Functions Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers Type Fields and switch Statements Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions Case Study: Payroll System UsingPolymorphism Creating Abstract Base Class Employee Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 811

8 xvi Contents Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding Under the Hood Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type InformationwithDowncasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info Virtual Destructors Wrap-Up Templates Introduction Function Templates Overloading FunctionTemplates Class Templates Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates Notes ontemplates and Inheritance Notes on Templates and Friends Notes on Templates and static Members Wrap-Up Stream Input/Output Introduction Streams Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams iostream Library Header Files Stream Input/OutputClasses and Objects Stream Output Output of char * Variables Character OutputUsing Member Function put Stream Input get and getline Member Functions istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore Type-Safe I/O Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount Introduction to Stream Manipulators Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) FieldWidth (width, setw) User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) Justification (left, right and internal) Padding (fill, setfill) Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 872

9 Contents xvii Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags Stream Error States Tying an Output Stream toaninput Stream Wrap-Up Exception Handling Introduction Exception-Handling Overview Example: Handling anattempt to Divide by Zero When to Use ExceptionHandling Rethrowing an Exception Exception Specifications Processing Unexpected Exceptions Stack Unwinding Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling Exceptions and Inheritance Processing new Failures Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation Standard Library Exception Hierarchy Other Error-Handling Techniques Wrap-Up 912 A Operator Precedence Charts 919 B ASCII Character Set 923 C Number Systems 924 C.1 Introduction 925 C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octaland Hexadecimal Numbers 928 C.3 Converting Octaland Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 929 C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or HexadecimaltoDecimal 929 C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 930 C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two s Complement Notation 932 D Game Programming: Solving Sudoku 937 D.1 Introduction 937 D.2 Deitel Sudoku Resource Center 938 D.3 Solution Strategies 938

10 xviii Contents D.4 Programming Sudoku Puzzle Solvers 942 D.5 Generating New Sudoku Puzzles 943 D.6 Conclusion 945 Appendices on the Web 946 Appendices E through I are PDF documents posted online at the book s Companion Website (located at E Game Programming with the Allegro CLibrary I E.1 Introduction II E.2 Installing Allegro II E.3 ASimple Allegro Program III E.4 Simple Graphics: Importing Bitmaps and Blitting IV E.5 Animation with Double Buffering IX E.6 Importing and Playing Sounds XVI E.7 Keyboard Input XX E.8 Fonts and Displaying Text XXV E.9 Implementing the Game of Pong XXXI E.10 Timers in Allegro XXXVII E.11 The Grabber and Allegro Datafiles XLII E.12 Other Allegro Capabilities LI E.13 AllegroResource Center LII F Sorting: ADeeper Look LVIII F.1 Introduction LIX F.2 Big ONotation LIX F.3 Selection Sort LX F.4 Insertion Sort LXIV F.5 Merge Sort LXVII G Introduction to C99 LXXVIII G.1 Introduction LXXIX G.2 Supportfor C99 LXXIX G.3 New C99 Headers LXXX G.4 // Comments LXXX G.5 Mixing Declarations and Executable Code LXXXI G.6 Declaring avariable in a for Statement Header LXXXII G.7 Designated Initializers and Compound Literals LXXXIV G.8 Type bool LXXXVII G.9 Implicit int in Function Declarations LXXXVIII G.10 Complex Numbers LXXXIX G.11 Variable-Length Arrays XC

11 Contents xix G.12 The snprintf Function: Helping Avoid Hacker Attacks XCIII G.13 Additions tothe Preprocessor XCV G.14 Other C99 Features XCVI G.15 WebResources XCIX H Using the Visual Studio Debugger CIV H.1 Introduction CV H.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command CV H.3 Locals and Watch Windows CIX H.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands CXII H.5 Autos Window CXIV H.6 Wrap-Up CXVI I Using the GNU Debugger CXVIII I.1 Introduction CXIX I.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands CXIX I.3 print and set Commands CXXIV I.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next Commands CXXVI I.5 watch Command CXXVIII I.6 Wrap-Up CXXX Index 947

Contents. 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web 1. 2 Introduction to C Programming 26

Contents. 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web 1. 2 Introduction to C Programming 26 Preface xix 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 What Is a Computer? 4 1.3 Computer Organization 4 1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems 5 1.5 Personal,