ios Memory Deep Dive #WWDC18 Kyle Howarth, Software Engineer James Snee, Software Engineer Kris Markel, Software Engineer
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1 Session #WWDC18 ios Memory Deep Dive 416 Kyle Howarth, Software Engineer James Snee, Software Engineer Kris Markel, Software Engineer 2018 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Redistribution or public display not permitted without written permission from Apple.
2 Why reduce memory Memory footprint Tools for profiling footprint Images Optimizing when in background Demo
3 Why Reduce Memory
4 Users have a better experience.
5 Memory Footprint Not all memory is created equal
6 Memory Footprint Pages
7 Memory Footprint Pages
8 Memory Footprint Pages UIView String UILabel
9 Memory Footprint Pages UIView Data String UILabel
10 Memory Footprint Pages Typically 16KB Page types Clean Dirty
11 Memory Footprint Pages Typically 16KB Page types Clean Dirty Number of pages x Page size = Memory in use
12 Memory Footprint Clean and dirty pages int *array = malloc(20000 * sizeof(int)); array[0] = 32 array[19999] = 64
13 Memory Footprint Clean and dirty pages int *array = malloc(20000 * sizeof(int)); array[0] = 32 array[19999] = 64
14 Memory Footprint Clean and dirty pages int *array = malloc(20000 * sizeof(int)); array[0] = 32 array[19999] = 64
15 Memory Footprint Clean and dirty pages int *array = malloc(20000 * sizeof(int)); array[0] = 32 array[19999] = 64
16 Memory Footprint Clean and dirty pages int *array = malloc(20000 * sizeof(int)); array[0] = 32 array[19999] = 64 32
17 Memory Footprint Clean and dirty pages int *array = malloc(20000 * sizeof(int)); array[0] = 32 array[19999] =
18 Memory Footprint Memory mapped files File-backed memory Read-only files are clean Kernel manages when file is in RAM
19 Memory Footprint Memory mapped files 50KB
20 Memory Footprint Memory mapped files 50KB
21 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Dirty Compressed Clean
22 Memory Footprint Clean memory Data that can be paged out of memory
23 Memory Footprint Clean memory Data that can be paged out of memory Clean Memory
24 Memory Footprint Clean memory Data that can be paged out of memory Memory mapped files Clean Memory
25 Memory Footprint Clean memory Data that can be paged out of memory Memory mapped files Image.jpg Blob.data Clean Memory Training.model
26 Memory Footprint Clean memory Data that can be paged out of memory Memory mapped files UIKit Frameworks* DATA_CONST Clean Memory CoreGraphics DATA_CONST
27 Memory Footprint Dirty memory
28 Memory Footprint Dirty memory Dirty Memory
29 Memory Footprint Dirty memory Memory written by an app Dirty Memory
30 Memory Footprint Dirty memory Memory written by an app All heap allocations malloc Array NSCache Dirty Memory UIViews String
31 Memory Footprint Dirty memory Memory written by an app All heap allocations CGRasterData Decoded image buffers Dirty Memory ImageIO
32 Memory Footprint Dirty memory Memory written by an app All heap allocations UIKit DATA Decoded image buffers DATA_DIRTY Frameworks Dirty CoreGraphics Memory DATA DATA_DIRTY
33 Memory Footprint Frameworks Frameworks contribute to dirty memory Singletons Global initializers +(void)load; +(void)initialize; // Objective-C // Objective-C attribute ((constructor)) // Objective-C initialize(); // Swift
34 Memory Footprint Compressed memory No traditional disk swap Memory compressor Compresses unaccessed pages Decompresses pages upon access
35 Memory Footprint Compressed memory No traditional disk swap Memory compressor Compresses unaccessed pages Decompresses pages upon access Dictionary NSData NSData
36 Memory Footprint Compressed memory No traditional disk swap Memory compressor Compresses unaccessed stale pages pages Decompresses pages upon access Dictionary NSData NSData
37 Memory Footprint Memory warnings App is not always the cause Compressor complicates freeing memory Prefer policy changes over cache purging
38 Memory Footprint Memory warnings override func didreceivememorywarning() { cache.removeallobjects() super.didreceivememorywarning() }
39 Memory Footprint Memory warnings override func didreceivememorywarning() { cache.removeallobjects() super.didreceivememorywarning() }
40 Memory Footprint Memory warnings override func didreceivememorywarning() { cache.removeallobjects() super.didreceivememorywarning() } Dictionary NSData NSData
41 Memory Footprint Memory warnings override func didreceivememorywarning() { cache.removeallobjects() super.didreceivememorywarning() } Dictionary NSData NSData
42 Memory Footprint Memory warnings override func didreceivememorywarning() { cache.removeallobjects() super.didreceivememorywarning() } Dictionary NSData NSData
43 Memory Footprint Caching Trade-offs between CPU and memory Remember the compressor Prefer NSCache over dictionary
44 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Dirty Compressed Clean
45 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Dirty Compressed Clean
46 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint Dirty Compressed Clean
47 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint limits Footprint Dirty Compressed Clean
48 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint limits Footprint Limits vary by device Dirty Compressed Clean
49 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint limits Footprint Limits vary by device Apps have a fairly high footprint limit Dirty Compressed Clean
50 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint limits Footprint Limits vary by device Apps have a fairly high footprint limit Dirty Extensions have a much lower limit Compressed Clean
51 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint limits Footprint Limits vary by device Apps have a fairly high footprint limit Dirty Extensions have a much lower limit Exception upon exceeding limit Compressed Clean
52 Memory Footprint Typical app memory profile Footprint limits Footprint Limits vary by device Apps have a fairly high footprint limit Dirty Extensions have a much lower limit Exception upon exceeding limit Compressed EXC_RESOURCE_EXCEPTION Clean
53 Tools for Profiling Footprint James Snee, Apple/Software Engineer
54 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode memory gauge
55 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode memory gauge
56 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode memory gauge
57 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments
58 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments Allocations Leaks VM Tracker Virtual memory trace
59 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments VM Tracker
60 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments VM Tracker
61 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments VM Tracker
62 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments Virtual Memory Trace
63 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments Virtual Memory Trace
64 Tools for Profiling Footprint Instruments Virtual Memory Trace
65 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Debugger memory resource exceptions NEW
66 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Debugger memory resource exceptions NEW
67 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Debugger memory resource exceptions NEW
68 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Memory Debugger
69 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Memory Debugger
70 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Memory Debugger
71 Tools for Profiling Footprint Xcode Memory Debugger
72 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap NEW Shows virtual memory regions allocated in a process vmmap App.memgraph vmmap --summary App.memgraph
73 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap --summary App.memgraph
74 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap --summary App.memgraph
75 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap --summary App.memgraph
76 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap --summary App.memgraph
77 Tools for Profiling Footprint Zoom and focus vmmap App.memgraph
78 Tools for Profiling Footprint Zoom and focus vmmap App.memgraph
79 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap App.memgraph
80 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap App.memgraph
81 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap and AWK
82 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap and AWK
83 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap and AWK
84 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap and AWK
85 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap and AWK
86 Tools for Profiling Footprint vmmap and AWK
87 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks NEW Shows objects that are allocated, but no longer referenced leaks App.memgraph
88 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks
89 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks
90 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks MyApp.memgraph NEW
91 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks MyApp.memgraph NEW
92 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks MyApp.memgraph NEW
93 Tools for Profiling Footprint leaks MyApp.memgraph NEW
94 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap NEW Shows objects allocated on the heap Useful for identifying large objects in memory and what allocated it heap App.memgraph heap App.memgraph -sortbysize heap App.memgraph -addresses all <classes-pattern>
95 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph
96 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph
97 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph
98 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph
99 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph
100 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap --sortbysize App.memgraph
101 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap --sortbysize App.memgraph
102 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph -addresses all <classes-pattern>
103 Tools for Profiling Footprint heap App.memgraph -addresses all <classes-pattern>
104 Tools for Profiling Footprint Enabling malloc stack logging
105 Tools for Profiling Footprint Enabling malloc stack logging
106 Tools for Profiling Footprint malloc_history NEW Shows backtraces for malloc and anonymous VM region allocations malloc_history App.memgraph [address]
107 Tools for Profiling Footprint malloc_history <memgraph> <address>
108 Tools for Profiling Footprint malloc_history <memgraph> <address>
109 Tools for Profiling Footprint Which tool to pick?
110 Tools for Profiling Footprint Which tool to pick? Creation Reference Size
111 Tools for Profiling Footprint Which tool to pick? Creation Reference Size malloc_history
112 Tools for Profiling Footprint Which tool to pick? Creation Reference Size malloc_history leaks
113 Tools for Profiling Footprint Which tool to pick? Creation Reference Size malloc_history leaks vmmap, heap
114 Images Kyle Howarth, Apple/Software Engineer
115 Memory use is related to the dimensions of the image, not the file size.
116 Images 590Kb file size
117 Images 590KB file size
118 Images 2048px 1536px 590KB file size
119 10MB 2048 pixels x 1536 pixels x 4 bytes per pixel
120 Images Load Decode Render
121 Images Load 590Kb
122 Images Load Decode 590KB 10MB
123 Images Load Decode Render 590KB 10MB Images and Graphics Best Practices WWWDC 2018
124 Images Image-rendering formats SRGB Format Four bytes per pixel Full color images
125 Images Image-rendering formats Wide format Eight bytes per pixel Super accurate colors Only useful with wide color displays Wide color capture cameras - iphone 7, iphone 8, iphone X, ipad Pro 10.5, ipad Pro 13 (2nd generation)
126 Images Image rendering formats Luminance and alpha 8 format Two bytes per pixel Single-color images and alpha Metal shaders
127 Images Image rendering formats Alpha 8 Format One byte per pixel Useful for monochrome images - Masks - Emoji-free text 75 percent smaller than SRGB
128 Images Image rendering formats Optimized formats reduce memory use One byte: Alpha 8 Two bytes: luminance and alpha 8 Four bytes: SRGB Eight bytes: wide format
129 How do I pick the right format?
130 Images Picking the right format Don t pick the format, let the format pick you Stop using UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions Four bytes per pixel format Start or keep using UIGraphicsImageRenderer Introduced in ios 10 Automatically picks best graphics format in ios 12
131 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageContext let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(bounds.size, false, 0) // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) let image = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext() UIGraphicsEndImageContext()
132 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageContext let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(bounds.size, false, 0) // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) let image = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext() UIGraphicsEndImageContext()
133 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageRenderer let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: bounds.size) let image = renderer.image { context in // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) }
134 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageRenderer let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: bounds.size) let image = renderer.image { context in // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) }
135 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageRenderer let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: bounds.size) let image = renderer.image { context in // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) } // Make circle render blue, but stay at 1 byte-per-pixel image let imageview = UIImageView(image: image) imageview.tintcolor =.blue
136 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageRenderer let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: bounds.size) let image = renderer.image { context in // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) } // Make circle render blue, but stay at 1 byte-per-pixel image let imageview = UIImageView(image: image) imageview.tintcolor =.blue
137 // Circle via UIGraphicsImageRenderer let bounds = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width:300, height: 100) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: bounds.size) let image = renderer.image { context in // Drawing Code UIColor.black.setFill() let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: bounds, byroundingcorners: UIRectCorner.allCorners, cornerradii: CGSize(width: 20, height: 20)) path.addclip() UIRectFill(bounds) } // Make circle render blue, but stay at 1 byte-per-pixel image let imageview = UIImageView(image: image) imageview.tintcolor =.blue
138 Images Downsampling UIImage is expensive for sizing and to resizing Will decompress original image into memory Internal coordinate space transforms are expensive ImageIO can read image sizes and metadata information without dirtying memory ImageIO can resize images at cost of resized image only
139 // Image size with UIImage import UIKit // Getting image size let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let image = UIImage(contentsOfFile: filepath) let imagesize = image.size // Resizing image let scale = 0.2 let size = CGSize(image.size.width * scale, image.size.height * scale) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: size) let resizedimage = renderer.image { context in image.draw(in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: size.width, height: size.height)) }
140 // Image size with UIImage import UIKit // Getting image size let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let image = UIImage(contentsOfFile: filepath) let imagesize = image.size // Resizing image let scale = 0.2 let size = CGSize(image.size.width * scale, image.size.height * scale) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: size) let resizedimage = renderer.image { context in image.draw(in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: size.width, height: size.height)) }
141 // Image size with UIImage import UIKit // Getting image size let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let image = UIImage(contentsOfFile: filepath) let imagesize = image.size // Resizing image let scale = 0.2 let size = CGSize(image.size.width * scale, image.size.height * scale) let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: size) let resizedimage = renderer.image { context in image.draw(in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: size.width, height: size.height)) }
142 // Image size with ImageIO import ImageIO let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let url = NSURL(fileURLWithPath: path) let imagesource = CGImageSourceCreateWithURL(url, nil) let properties = CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(imageSource, 0, nil) let options: [NSString: Any] = [ kcgimagesourcethumbnailmaxpixelsize: 100, kcgimagesourcecreatethumbnailfromimagealways: true ] let scaledimage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(imageSource, 0, options)
143 // Image size with ImageIO import ImageIO let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let url = NSURL(fileURLWithPath: path) let imagesource = CGImageSourceCreateWithURL(url, nil) let properties = CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(imageSource, 0, nil) let options: [NSString: Any] = [ kcgimagesourcethumbnailmaxpixelsize: 100, kcgimagesourcecreatethumbnailfromimagealways: true ] let scaledimage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(imageSource, 0, options)
144 // Image size with ImageIO import ImageIO let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let url = NSURL(fileURLWithPath: path) let imagesource = CGImageSourceCreateWithURL(url, nil) let properties = CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(imageSource, 0, nil) let options: [NSString: Any] = [ kcgimagesourcethumbnailmaxpixelsize: 100, kcgimagesourcecreatethumbnailfromimagealways: true ] let scaledimage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(imageSource, 0, options)
145 // Image size with ImageIO import ImageIO let filepath = /path/to/image.jpg let url = NSURL(fileURLWithPath: path) let imagesource = CGImageSourceCreateWithURL(url, nil) let properties = CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(imageSource, 0, nil) let options: [NSString: Any] = [ kcgimagesourcethumbnailmaxpixelsize: 100, kcgimagesourcecreatethumbnailfromimagealways: true ] let scaledimage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(imageSource, 0, options)
146 Optimizing when in the background
147
148
149 Unload large resources you cannot see.
150 Optimizing When in the Background Unloading when off-screen App lifecycle Listen for UIApplicationWillEnterForeground and UIApplicationDidEnterBackground notifications Applies to on-screen views UIViewController appearance cycle Leverage viewwillappear and viewdiddisappear Off-screen view controllers in UITabBarController and UINavigationController
151 // Unloading resources on foreground/background NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(forName:.UIApplicationDidEnterBackground, object: nil, queue:.main) { [weak self] (note) in // Unload large resources when off-screen self.unloadimages() } NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(forName:.UIApplicationWillEnterForeground, object: nil, queue:.main) { [weak self] (note) in // Load large resources when off-screen self.loadimages() }
152 // Unloading resources on foreground/background NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(forName:.UIApplicationDidEnterBackground, object: nil, queue:.main) { [weak self] (note) in // Unload large resources when off-screen self.unloadimages() } NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(forName:.UIApplicationWillEnterForeground, object: nil, queue:.main) { [weak self] (note) in // Load large resources when off-screen self.loadimages() }
153 // Unloading resources on foreground/background NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(forName:.UIApplicationDidEnterBackground, object: nil, queue:.main) { [weak self] (note) in // Unload large resources when off-screen self.unloadimages() } NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(forName:.UIApplicationWillEnterForeground, object: nil, queue:.main) { [weak self] (note) in // Load large resources when off-screen self.loadimages() }
154 // Unloading resources on foreground/background // Unload large resource when off-screen override func viewdiddisappear(_ animated: Bool) { unloadimages() super.viewdiddisappear(animated) } // Load large resources when on-screen override func viewwillappear(_ animated: Bool) { loadimages() super.viewwillappear(animated) }
155 // Unloading resources on foreground/background // Unload large resource when off-screen override func viewdiddisappear(_ animated: Bool) { unloadimages() super.viewdiddisappear(animated) } // Load large resources when on-screen override func viewwillappear(_ animated: Bool) { loadimages() super.viewwillappear(animated) }
156 // Unloading resources on foreground/background // Unload large resource when off-screen override func viewdiddisappear(_ animated: Bool) { unloadimages() super.viewdiddisappear(animated) } // Load large resources when on-screen override func viewwillappear(_ animated: Bool) { loadimages() super.viewwillappear(animated) }
157 Demo Kris Markel, Apple/Software Engineer
158 Summary
159 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource
160 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource Monitor memory use when running from Xcode
161 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource Monitor memory use when running from Xcode Let ios pick your image formats
162 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource Monitor memory use when running from Xcode Let ios pick your image formats Use ImageIO for downsampling images
163 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource Monitor memory use when running from Xcode Let ios pick your image formats Use ImageIO for downsampling images Unload large resources that are off-screen
164 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource Monitor memory use when running from Xcode Let ios pick your image formats Use ImageIO for downsampling images Unload large resources that are off-screen Use memory graphs to further understand and reduce memory footprint
165 Summary Memory is a finite and shared resource Monitor memory use when running from Xcode Let ios pick your image formats Use ImageIO for downsampling images Unload large resources that are off-screen Use memory graphs to further understand and reduce memory footprint
166 More Information
167
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