Advanced Magic - GDB

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1 Division of Mathematics and Computer Science Maryville College

2 Outline Introduction to GDB 1 Introduction to GDB 2 3 4

3 What is a debugger? A debugger is a program that helps you find and correcting errors in programs. Debuggers typically: Allow programs to be stopped at fixed locations. Step through a program. Display program state. Allow program state to be altered. Allow post-mortem examination of a program s memory.

4 Getting Started Before a program can be effectively debugged, we must put symbols 1 in the object file by using the -g option. g++ -g program.cpp -o program In a makefile, you can specify this with the CXXFLAGS variable. CXXFLAGS=-g If you are using implicit makefile rules directly (without a makefile), you can specify -g by setting an environment variable. export CXXFLAGS=-g You invoke the debugger like this: gdb program 1 You can debug without symbols, but it will be in machine code!

5 Listing Programs list List 10 lines of the program. Repeating this command lists the next 10 lines. list num List 10 lines with line number num in the middle. list function List the source code of a given function. list classname::function List the source code of a given class member function. list source.cpp:1 List the contents of the source file source.cpp beginning at line 1.

6 Basics of the GDB User Interface Pressing enter without typing a command repeats the last command. Most commands have abbreviations. Generally, this is the first letter of the command. (For example, list is abbreviated as l) gdb has an extensive help system. This is accessed by the "help" command. Try "help list". Typing "help" by itself lists broad help categories. You can scroll throw previous commands using your arrow keys.

7 Breakpoint Commands A breakpoint is a location in a program where the debugger will pause execution so you can have a look around. break num Set a breakpoint at line num. break num if condition Set a conditional breakpoint at line num. The breakpoint stops only if the condition is met. The condition follows the same syntax as C++ boolean expressions. info breakpoints Display the list of breakpoints. delete breakpoints num Delete breakpoint num. delete breakpoints Delete all breakpoints. break *address Advanced wizards only! Break when execution reaches the specified memory address.

8 Running, Continuing, and Stopping Programs Once you have your breakpoints set up, it is time to run the program! run Run the current program. If the program is already running, it asks if you want to restart the program from the beginning. kill Terminate the currently running program. continue Continue execution of a paused program. Control + C Pause the execution of a currently running program. (Like a breakpoint, but from a key combination!)

9 Next and Step When a program is stopped, either at a breakpoint or through use of Control + c, you can step through it one line at a time. next Execute the current line, stopping on the next line of code in the current function. This command does not go into a function. step Execute the current line, stopping on the next line of code. If the next line of code is in a different function, step will go into the function and stop at its first line. The name implies that it "steps into" functions. finish Continue execution until just after the current function returns.

10 Print and Display print exp Print the value of the expression one time. display exp Print the value of the expression every time the program stops. delete display num Delete the display numbered num delete display Delete all displays info display List all auto-display expressions. disable display num Disable display number num. disable display Disable all displays. enable display num Enable display num. enable display Enable all display instructions.

11 Evaluating Expressions GDB expressions are processed in much the same way as c++ expressions. They can contain: Variable Names Literal Values Arithmetic Operations Index Operations Dereference Operations Address of Operations Function Calls call exp Call an expression. This can handle void functions. If the function returns something, the result is displayed.

12 Examining the Call Stack gdb provides a lot of handlers for exploring the function call stack. backtrace List all stack frames up to this point in the code. frame num Switch the debugger s context to the stack frame indicated by num. up Switch to the previous stack frame. down Switch to the next stack frame.

13 Examining Registers Registers are temporary holding locations in the CPU which are used as a sort of "scratch pad" for programs to work with. Some have special purposes. GDB lets us examine them! info registers Display all the registers. print $register Print the register. display $register Display the register. $register Is generally how we use registers in expressions in gdb.

14 Machine Code Commands nexti Execute the current machine code instruction, stopping at the next one. Does not step into subroutines. stepi Execute the current machine code instruction, stopping at the next one. Steps into subroutines. x/fmt address Examine the raw memory beginning at address, applying the given format. 1 Repeat Count 2 Format letter: o(octal), x(hex), d(decimal), u(unsigned decimal), t(binary), f(float), a(address), i(instruction), c(char), s(string) 3 Size Letter: b(byte), h(halfword), w(word), g(giant, 8 bytes)

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