Wireless Sensor Networks. Introduction to the Laboratory

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1 Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction to the Laboratory Office Hours: Tuesday 3 5 Main Building, third floor Credits: 6

2 Outline MC1322x Devices IAR Embedded workbench / Beekit Basics of Network Software Freescale Software Embedded C

3 Outline MC1322x Devices IAR Embedded workbench / Beekit Basics of Network Software Freescale Software Embedded C

4 Freescale MC1322x Transceiver 16 Channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band Transmit Power -30 dbm to +4 dbm typical Supports 250 kbps bit rate RX sensitivity of -96 dbm (Typical) at 1.0% Packet Error Rate (20 Bytes packets)

5 Freescale MC1322x Transceiver Current consumption: 22 ma typical RX current draw (DCD mode) with radio and MCU active 29 ma typical TX current draw with radio and MCU active (coin cell capable) 3.3 ma typical current draw with MCU active (radio off) 0.8 ma typical current with MCU idle (radio off) 0.85 μa typical Hibernate current (retain 8 Kbyte SRAM contents) 0.4 μa maximum Off current (device in reset) Turnaround times: IEEE requires a TX-to-RX or a RX-to-TX TaT 12 Ts (192 μs). 11 Ts (176 μs) RX-to-TX 96 μs TX-to-RX.

6 Freescale MC1322x MCU 32-bit ARM7 CPU 128 Kbytes FLASH Memory, 96 Kbyte SRAM, 80 Kbyte ROM Dedicated modem/radio interface module (RIF) Up to 64 programmable I/O Two serial communications interface modules (UART) Serial peripheral interface module (SPI)

7 MC1322x Block Diagram CPU Transceiver

8 MAC Accelerator Block Diagram

9 MAC Accelerator Block Diagram MACA core main features include: Acknowledgement transmission / reception Generate MAC data.request / reply to MAC data.request Dedicated DMA for transfer of TX/RX data from/to RAM Frame manager Handles preamble data Handles frame check sequence (FCS) using CRC Embedded header filter for received packets

10 Outline MC1322x Devices IAR Embedded workbench / Beekit Basics of Network Software Freescale Software Embedded C

11 IAR / Beekit BeeKit: A useful tool to create IAR projects IAR Embedded Workbench Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for MC1322x Freescale Platform

12 IAR - Project

13 Outline MC1322x Devices IAR Embedded workbench / Beekit Basics of Network Software Freescale Software Embedded C

14 Basics on Service Primitives Services of a layer are the capabilities it offers to the user in the next upper layer: Level n is a service provider for layer n+1, while layer n+1 is a service user for layer n. Services are described through the information flow between layers modeled through discrete events: each event consists of passing a service primitive from one layer to another through Service Access Points (SAP).

15 Basics on Service Primitives: Vertical view request confirm Appl MAC PHY Service user for MAC Layer Service user for PHY Layer Service provider for APP Layer Service provider for MAC Layer

16 Basics on Service Primitives: Horizontal view

17 Basics on Service Primitives Primitive request indication response confirm Meaning an entity is requesting a service (we are requesting a connection to a remote computer) an entity is informed of an event (the receiver has just received a connection request) an entity is responding to an event (the receiver is sending the permission to connect) an entity acknowledges the response to its request (the sender acknoledge the permission to connect to the remote host)

18 Service Primitives: an Example

19 Service Primitives: an Example

20 Outline MC1322x Devices IAR Embedded workbench / Beekit Basics of Network Software Freescale Software Embedded C

21 Freescale MAC/PHY Software MLME interface: all MAC command MCPS interface: data primitive ASP interface: various application support features Vertical Horizontal

22 Interfacing APP to MAC The interface between APP and MAC layers is based on service primitives passed as messages from one layer to another. Messages are sent to a SAP function which is responsible for handling the message. Five SAPs exist: NWN_MLME_SapHandler() NWK_MCPS_SapHandler() MLME_NWK_SapHandler() MCPS_NWK_SapHandler() APS_APP_SapHandler()

23 Interfacing APP to MAC Arrows Messages

24 MAC API MAC Application Programming Interface (API) provides a simple way of interfacing to the Freescale MAC SW. The API functions available are used for: Initializing the MAC Running the MAC Allocating messages Deallocating messages Sending messages Queueing and dequeueing messages

25 MAC API Functions

26 MAC API - Messages In order to request a service the Application must: 1. Allocate the message; 2. Fill the message parameters 3. Send the message to the SAP Handler.

27 MAC API Queueing

28 MAC API Data Types

29 Message Types: NWK-to-MLME direction mlmemessage_t

30 Message Types: MLME-to-NWK direction nwkmessage_t

31 Message Types: NWK-to-MCPS direction mcpsmessage_t

32 Message Types: MCPS-to-NWK direction mcpstonwkmessage_t

33 AppTask - Your code generally goes here - It is called by task scheduler if an event happens

34 Coordinator Finite State Machine gappevtdummyevent_c gappevtstartcoordinator_c Init ScanED Start ScanED Wait Confirm gappevtmessagefrommlme_c Start Coord gappevtdummyevent_c gappevtmessagefrommcps_c gappevtrxfromuart_c gappevtmessagefrommlme_c Listen gappevtmessagefrommlme_c Start Coord Wait Confirm To generate a dummy event call: TS_SendEvent(gAppTaskID_c, gappevtdummyevent_c);

35 End Device Finite State Machine gappevtdummyevent_c Init Scan Active ScanActive Wait Confirm gappevtmessagefrommlme_c Associate gappevtdummyevent_c gappevtmessagefrommcps_c gappevtrxfromuart_c gappevtmessagefrommlme_c Listen gappevtmessagefrommlme_c Associate Wait Confirm To generate a dummy event call: TS_SendEvent(gAppTaskID_c, gappevtdummyevent_c);

36 MLME and MCPS Interfaces When requesting a service that is asynchronous, the MLME (or MCPS) must deallocate the message. SAP Handler only queue the message and returns asap. An event needs to be passed to the application task in order to notify that a new message from the MLME (or MCPS) has arrived from MLME_NWK (or MCPS_NKW).

37 MLME_NWK SAP Handler

38 MCPS_NWK SAP Handler

39 Outline MC1322x Devices IAR Embedded workbench / Beekit Basics of Network Software Freescale Software Embedded C

40 Standard Input / Output In the world of microcontrollers, there is no environment that provides standard IO. Unlike ANSI C, there is no printf() function that prints formatted strings to the default output and no scanf() function that reads formatted strings from standard input. In Freescale MAC Stack: Sending strings to the serial port: void UartUtil_Print(uint8_t* pstring, uartutilblock_t allowtoblock) allowtoblock: gnoblock_d, gallowtoblock_d Sending hex data to serial port: void UartUtil_PrintHex(uint8_t* hex, uint8_t len, uint8_t flags) flags: gprthexbigendian_c, gprthexnewline_c, gprthexcommas_c, PrtHexSpaces_c

41 Standard Input / Output: Examples Example 1: UartUtil_Print("\n\rStarting as PAN coordinator on channel 0x", gallowtoblock_d); UartUtil_PrintHex(&mLogicalChannel, 1, FALSE); Example 2: UartUtil_Print("ED scan returned the following results:\n\r [", gallowtoblock_d); UartUtil_PrintHex(pEdList, 16, gprthexbigendian_c gprthexspaces_c); UartUtil_Print("]\n\r\n\r", gallowtoblock_d); Example 3: UartUtil_Tx(pMsgIn->msgData.dataInd.pMsdu, pmsgin->msgdata.dataind.msdulength); UartUtil_Print(" ",gallowtoblock_d); UartUtil_PrintHex(&pMsgIn->msgData.dataInd.mpduLinkQuality,1, gprthexbigendian_c gprthexnewline_c); UartUtil_Print("\n\r",gAllowToBlock_d);

42 Data Types and Variables Due to the restricted environment of embedded controllers, standard C variables and data types are different. In Freescale MAC Library: int8_t signed char uint8_t unsigned char int16_t signed short uint16_t unsigned short int32_t signed long uint32_t unsigned long

43 Types Definitions Syntax: typedef existing-type new-type ; Example: typedef signed short int16_t; typedef unsigned short uint16_t; typedef signed char int8_t; typedef unsigned char uint8_t; typedef signed long int32_t; typedef unsigned long uint32_t;

44 Structures Definition: //PAN descriptor. Used, e.g., in Scan Confirm typedef struct pandescriptor_tag { uint8_t coordaddress[8]; uint8_t coordpanid[2]; uint8_t coordaddrmode; uint8_t logicalchannel; bool_t securityuse; uint8_t aclentry; int8_t securityfailure; uint8_t superframespec[2]; bool_t gtspermit; uint8_t linkquality; uint8_t timestamp[3]; } pandescriptor_t; Usage: pandescriptor_t.logicalchannel (&pandescriptor_t)->logicalchannel

45 Enumerators Definition: /* The various states of the applications state machines. */ enum { stateinit, statescanedstart, statescanedwaitconfirm, statestartcoordinator, statestartcoordinatorwaitconfirm, statelisten }; /* Error codes */ enum { errornoerror, errorwrongconfirm, errornotsuccessful, errornomessage, errorallocfailed, errorinvalidparameter, errornoscanresults }; Usage: uint8_t gstate; switch(gstate) { case stateinit: //do something break; case statescanactivestart: //do something break; }

46 Bitwise Operators Operator name Bitwise left shift Bitwise right shift Syntax a << b a >> b Bitwise one's complement (NOT) ~a Bitwise AND a & b Bitwise OR a b

47 Bitwise Operators - Shift Examples: << 1 gives << 1 gives >> 1 gives /* Events that are passed to the application task. Are defined as byte masks to make possible send multiple events to the task */ #define gappevtdummyevent_c (1 << 0) //first bit #define gappevtrxfromuart_c (1 << 1) //second bit #define gappevtmessagefrommlme_c (1 << 2) #define gappevtmessagefrommcps_c (1 << 3) #define gappevtstartcoordinator_c (1 << 4)

48 Bitwise Operators AND / OR Bitwise AND operator unsigned int a = 6; /* 6 = */ unsigned int b = 3; /* 3 = */ unsigned int c = 0; c = a & b; /* 2= */ Bitwise OR operator unsigned int a = 6; /* 6 = */ unsigned int b = 3; /* 3 = */ unsigned int c = 0; c = a I b; /* 7= */

49 Laboratory Material You can find on the website the following meterial: Data Sheets of MC1322x Devices Freescale Software Reference manual Laboratory Handbook This presentation Devices are available under request Virtual machine including all the needed SW is available under request

50 Wireless Sensor Networks

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