Basic UNIX Commands BASIC UNIX COMMANDS. 1. cat command. This command is used to create a file in unix. Syntax: $ cat filename

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1 Basic UNIX Commands BASIC UNIX COMMANDS 1. cat This is used to create a file in unix. $ cat >filename This is also used for displaying contents in a file. $ cat filename 2. ls It displays the list of files in the current working directory. $ ls cse04.c gfd.c fdsg 3. rm This is used to remove an existing file. $ rm filename 4. wc commad This is used to count the number of lines characters & words in a file. $ wc filename 5. pwd This is used to know the current working directory. $ pwd 6. date This is used to display the current date,year,month,day &time. $ date 7. echo This is used to print the message on the display.

2 $ echo text 8. cal This is used to display the specified month or year calendar. $ cal month 9. who This is used to display the date & terminal type of all the users who are currently logged into a system $ who 10.who am I This is used to display the logging details of the user who worked in that terminal. $ who am i 11. bc This is used to perform mathematical calculations. $ bc operation 12. tputclear This is used to clear the screen & place the $ prompt at the top most of the screen. $ tput clear 13. tty This is used to display the device type of the terminal. $ tty 14. mkdir This is used to create a new directory. $ mkdir filename 15. man If we get stuck on something, and cannot find an expert to help,we can print any manual page on our terminal with the man -name. $ man who 16. head and tail

3 The head is used to display the initial part of a text file. This can be thought of aa a complement to the tail. which displays the last part of a text file. By default head displays first 10 lines of a file and tail the last lines. $ head [-count] filename. $ head -4 friends jude jacob raju prem will display the first four lines of a file called friends. $ tail [+ - number] filename $ tail +5 friend will display from the 5th line from the beginning of the file. $ tail -5 friend will display from the 5th line from the end of the file. 17. cd It is used to change the current directory to the other directory specified. $ cd jac $ pwd /jac 18. rmdir It is used to remove the directory.it requires the directory to be empty. $ rmdir directoryname 19. cat It helps us to list the contents of a file we specify. If we do not specify the name of the file,it takes input from the standard input. If we want to display the contents of a file abc. The is $ cat abc Try try until you succeed. To create a file called mat, $ cat > mat Hi!have a nice day Ctrl+d

4 In order to append data to the same file,use cat with the >> symbol. 20. cp It is used to create duplicate copies of ordinary files. $ cp file success success is the file to which the contents of the file has to be copied.if the name of the file already exists,the original contents are erased and the contents of the file are written on the success. 21. ln link It is used to establish an additional filename for the same ordinary file. $ ln ordinary_filename additional_filename $ ln red rose Advantage of this is that several users can have access to a common data file.any modification in the additional file or ordinary file reflects in both of them. 22. mv It is used to rename and move ordinary and directory files. To do this we need both execute and write permissions. Renaming, $ mv aaa bbb To move the contents of the file old to the new,the syntax is: $ mv old new

5 Study of Unix Editor & Shell Programming vi Editor Command Description vi file start at line 1 of file vi +n file start at line n of file vi + file start at last line of file Saving files and quitting vi Command Description :w save (write out) the file being edited :w file save as file :w! file save as an existing file :q quit vi :wq save the file and quit vi :x save the file if it has changed and quit vi :q! quit vi without saving changes Moving the cursor Keys pressed Effect h left one character l or <Space> right one character k up one line j or <Enter> down one line b left one word w right one word ( start of sentence ) end of sentence 1G top of file ng line n G G end of file <Ctrl>W first character of insertion <Ctrl>U up ½ screen <Ctrl>D down ½ screen <Ctrl>B up one screen

6 <Ctrl>F Inserting text Keys pressed a A i I o O down one screen Text inserted after the cursor after last character on the line before the cursor before first character on the line open line below current line open line above current line Searching for text Search Finds /and next occurrence of ``and'', for example, ``and'', ``stand'',``grand''?and previous occurrence of ``and'' /^The next line that starts with ``The'', for example, ``The'',``Then'', ``There'' /end$ next line that ends with ``end'' / [bb]ox next occurrence of ``box'' or ``Box'' An Introduction to the Unix Shell The shell is a programming language that provides an interface to the UNIX operating system. Its features include control-flow primitives, parameter passing, variables and string substitution. The shell can modify the environment in which s run. Input and output can be redirected to files, and processes that communicate through `pipes' can be invoked. Commands are found by searching directories in the file system in a sequence that can be defined by the user. Commands can be read either from the terminal or from a file, which allows procedures to be stored for later use.

7 C Shell Commands The C shell provides the following built-in s: # Marks a. $ Access variable with $ symbol break case cd chdir continue default echo eval exec exit foreach glob goto if read repeat switch time Resumes execution after the loop. Defines a label in a switch. Changes directory. Changes directory, same as cd. Continues a loop. Specifies the default case in a switch. Writes arguments to the standard output of the shell. Evaluates a. Executes the in the current shell. Exits the shell. Specifies a looping control statement and execute a sequence of s until reaching an end. Writes arguments to the standard output of the shell, like the echo, but without the new line. Continues execution after the specified label. Executes a if condition met. Get the input from the user Repeats the execution of a. Starts a switch. Displays the time used to execute s. Control flow structures - for The for loop notation is recognized by the shell and has the general form for name in w1 w2... do -list

8 A -list is a sequence of one or more simple s separated or terminated by a newline or semicolon. Furthermore, reserved words like do and are only recognized following a newline or semicolon. name is a shell variable that is set to the words w1 w2... in turn each time the -list following do is executed. If in w1 w2... is omitted then the loop is executed once for each positional parameter; that is, in $* is assumed. Another example of the use of the for loop is the create whose text is for(( initialization ; condition ; increment or decrement )) do... Control flow structures - case The general form of the case is case $a in 1)... 2)... 3)... 4)... *)... Esac A multiple way branch is provided for by the case notation. For example, case $# in 1) cat >>$1 ;; 2) cat >>$2 <$1 ;; *) echo \'usage: append [ from ] to\' ;; esac is an append. When called with one argument as append file $# is the string 1 and the standard input is copied onto the end of file using the cat. append file1 file2

9 appends the contents of file1 onto file2. If the number of arguments supplied to append is other than 1 or 2 then a message is printed indicating proper usage. Control flow structures - while The actions of the for loop and the case branch are determined by data available to the shell. A while or until loop and an if then else branch are also provided whose actions are determined by the exit status returned by s. A while loop has the general form while Condition do s The value tested by the while is the exit status of the last simple following while. Each time round the loop -list1 is executed; if a zero exit status is returned then -list2 is executed; otherwise, the loop terminates. For example, while Condition do... shift is equivalent to for Condition do shift is a shell that renames the positional parameters $2, $3,... as $1, $2,... and loses $1. Another kind of use for the while/until loop is to wait until some external event occurs and then run some s. In an until loop the termination condition is reversed. For example, until test Condition -f file do s will loop until file exists. Control flow structures - if

10 Also available is a general conditional branch of the form, if Condition then -list else -list fi that tests the value returned by the last simple following if. A multiple test if of the form if Condition then else if Condition then else if Condition fi fi fi may be written using an extension of the if notation as, if Condition then elif Condition then elif Condition fi

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