MODULE 6 Digital and Film Photography

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1 MODULE 6 Digital and Film Photography

2

3 MODULE 6 Digital and Film Photography Compared

4 Digital & Film Photography 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010 Robert L. Jones, II OnLineAfrica Knowledge Corporation

5 What is a Digital Photograph? Image composed of pixels as compared to conventional continuous tone image that is composed of silver halide crystals. Images are created when light is focused through a lens onto a recording medium (card, disk, memory stick, etc.) where the image is processed electronically by a sensor and other electronic components. The image can be printed on conventional photo paper or via a computer and printer.

6 Selecting a Camera (Film or Digital) Suitable cameras of either type are adjustable in terms of focus and exposure. Some automatic cameras feature interchangeable lenses and auto-override (manual) capability. Expensive high-end digital cameras are usually the only digital cameras that are fully adjustable with interchangeable lens capability. However, some inexpensive film cameras provide these features. Controls should be external rather than accessible through a cumbersome menu. A number of exposure reading patterns (modes) should be available: Averaging (center-weighted, bottom-weighted); Multisegment (matrix); Spot Meters; Flash Meters).

7 Digital & Film Cameras Compared Camera Body Types (based on viewing system and operations) Lenses (Optics) Digital Point & Shoot (LCD; VF/RF) Reflex Viewing: DSLR Large Format: Camera Back Non-interchangeable Zoom Interchangeable Lenses (DSLR; Large Format) Film VF/RF (Range/Viewfinder) Reflex Viewing: SLR, TLR Large Format: View/Field Wide range: Fixed & Variable focal length; Zoom (variable fl); Interchangeable Lenses (wide angle, telephoto, normal, zoom) Film Transport NONE Motor Manually Advanced

8 Digital & Film Camera Compared Controls (exposure metering, focus) Response Time Focus Exposure Metering Semi Auto Digital Manual (Menu or Icon) Auto (Point & Shoot) Slow (shutter lag ) Manual (by Eye) Autofocus (Infrared) Manual-Automatic: Center weighted, Averaging, Matrix, Top/Bottom Weighted, Spot Uses EV numbers (exposure values) Film Fully Manual- Automatic Exposure and/or Focus via external dials on camera & lenses Auto (Point & Shoot) Fast Manual (by Eye) Autofocus (Infrared) Same (Uses combinations of F- stop & Shutter Speed numbers)

9 Digital & Film Cameras Compared Image Resolution determined by Film Speed (ISO/Light sensitivity) Digital Lens Recording Media ISO Megapixels Electronic Image Processing Computer Printing ISO (Menu or Icon) Film Lens Recording Media ISO (speed) Film Grain Development & Printing (chemical) ISO set on camera body Color Balance (color temperature) adjusted via: White Balance Control (Menu or Icon) Filter Film Type (Daylight/Tunsgten)

10 Digital & Film Image Characteristics Image Recorded on: Image Processing by: Image Size determined by: Digital Light-sensitive Digital Card Electronic Sensors Lens Focal Length Distance from Subject Chip size (rectangular image is smaller than the round image projected onto 35mm film in a camera) Film Light-sensitive Gelatin Emulsion on Plastic-based Film Support Emulsions: Daylight, Artificial Light, High/Low/Medium Speed Development of latent image (positive or negative) & printing Silver Halide (chemical) Lens Focal Length Distance from Subject Film diagonal (round latent image projection)

11 Light, Exposure & Subject Control Image Motion Rendering Depth-of- Field Digital Shutter Speed (See Composition Module) F-Stops EV (See Photo Control & Composition Modules) Film Shutter Speed (See Composition Module) F-Stops EV (See Photo Control & Composition Module) SEE COMPOSITION MODULE

12 Getting the MOST out of Your Camera Equipment Expose carefully while holding camera steady Keep your lens clean and protected from extraneous light by a lens hood (shade) and lens caps. Arrange objects using the 3 planes of consideration and the Rule of Thirds Use light creatively & effectively Remove (crop) distracting objects Get close then closer then closer still.

13 CAMERA PREPARATION CHECLIST DIGITAL Camera Loaded & Programmed?...Digital Media Fresh Batteries? Lens Clean? Image Quality Set? White Balance Set? FILM Camera Loaded & Programmed? Film Fresh Batteries? Lens Clean? Image Quality Set? Right Film ISO? White Balance Set? Right Film Type in terms of Color Temperature Filter optional. Flash OFF? Flash OFF?

14 Digital Camera Shutter Speeds & Apertures may be found inside the menu. Digital Cameras have more shutter speed numbers between what conventional photographers call FULL STOPS : 1/1000 1/500 1/250 1/125 1/60 1/30 1/15 1/8 1/4 1/2 1sec In addition to the conventional series of numbers in the above sequence, digital camera users may see additional numbers such as: 1/200 1/80 1/40 1/50 1/320 1/400 1/800 etc. Digital Cameras have more F-numbers between what conventional photographers call FULL STOPS: F32 F22 F16 F11 F8 F5.6 F4 F2.8 F2 F1.4 In addition to the conventional series of numbers in the above sequence, digital camera users may see additional numbers such as: F28 F20 F18 F7 F5.3.

15 Exposure Modes Manual Aperture priority Shutter priority Program AUTO Icons for Portraiture Landscapes Macro icon Action icon Night #1 Night #2

16 AUTO [matic] This mode is merely a starting point. For maximum control, you will not use this easy and quick setting very much because of the average images it produces.

17 Manual This setting provides you with maximum control, Over the exposure of any image. It is more complicated to master than the other settings, but the results are SUPERIOR.

18 Aperture priority This setting allows you to set the desired shutter speed while the camera selects the corresponding aperture/f-stop number.

19 Shutter priority This setting allows you to set the desired aperture/ f-stop number while the camera selects the corresponding shutter speed.

20 Program Can be used to quickly alter basic exposures using an EV (exposure value) system. First, locate the +/- icon and the button (slider) it works with to reveal a scale like this: Using the icon button with the slider, you can go up or down the scale to produce images

21 Using EV exposure system may NOT permit the large numbers of precise exposures that can be obtained when adjusting f-stops and shutter speeds yourself. EV-2 EV-1 Normal EV+1 EV+2 EV-0 (1/2000 f16) (1/1000 f16) (1/500 f16) (1/250 f16) (1/125 f16) Under-exposure zone Over-exposure zone

22 Icons for Portraiture Landscapes Macro icon Action icon Night #1 Night #2

23 Basic Accessories You Need DIGITAL photos FILM photos Protective Lens Filter, Lens Cap, Lens Hood/Shade, Lens Cloth/Tissue Same Extra Memory Cards UV/Skylight Filter Tripod (sharpness not resolution) Battery Charger Tripod (sharpness not resolution) Spare Batteries Electronic Flash Unit Electronic Flash Unit

24 Protective Filter (UV or Skylight 2A) Filter fits over the lens

25 Lens Shade (Hood) Protects lens from extraneous light, the main cause of flare. Lens Hood

26

27 READING ASSIGNMENTS

28 Digital Photo School Photography Tips for Beginners Composition Tips Digital Cameras and Gear How to Photograph... Portrait Photography Post Production Tips and Techniques

29 Shedding Light on Photography A Concise Guide to Technical Control and Artistic Expression by Robert L. Jones, II 2010

30 Text & Images Robert L. Jones, II Funding provided by OnLineAfrica Knowledge Foundation Robert L. Jones, II All rights reserved

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