Autofocus Systems in Machine Vision. Thomas Schäffler
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1 Autofocus Systems in Machine Vision Thomas Schäffler
2 Agenda Definition: what is Autofocus (AF) Why do we need AF? Components of an AF system How to check for focus? How to adjust focus? Example system Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
3 Definition Autofocus: A system that continouosly checks if the object is in focus and if necessary adjusts the optical setup automatically to ensure that the object is in focus. In focus: maximum contrast in the acquired image. Ideal for 8bit: 255DN 0DN Object Optics Sensor(Signal) Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
4 Why AF Why do we need AF? Depth-of-Field of optics is limited. The object has to be inside DoF for sharp images DOF Object Image Object position is changing in automated processes Frame/Line rates are too high for focussing by operators Temperature changes can move the object out of focus Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
5 AF components AF systems consist of two parts 1. Subsystem to check if the object is in focus Sensor Signal Optimum contrast? 2. Subsystem to bring the object into focus Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
6 Check for focus How to check for focus? 1. Analyse contrast of the image Object position Contrast increases Contrast increases Best focus position Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
7 Check for focus How to check for focus? 1. Analyze contrast of the image No extra hardware needed Very precise No calibration needed simple setup Accuracy is independent on object structure (structure that gives at least some contrast is necessary though) Focusing speed depends on sensor frame rate Multiple frames necessary Focusing requires over travel to find best focus Not possible for line scan sensors Object position Contrast increases Contrast increases Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
8 Object Lens Check for focus How to check for focus? 2. Measure position of the object Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
9 Check for focus How to check for focus? 2. Measure position of the object Measurement is most often based on some kind of laser triangulation Position detection is independent from image acquisition and can therefor happen simultaneously only solution for line scan sensors Laser based systems can measure through-the-lens; optics must provide a port for the laser though Measurement speed is dependent on sensor readout frequency Laser based systems are often sensitive to the object structure Extra hardware necessary that increases system cost Reference position needs to be calibrated Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
10 Lens Check for focus How to check for focus? How does laser triangulation work? 1 2 Object position 2 1 Position sensitive Sensor Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
11 Adjusting focus How to adjust focus? Focusing by using the focus control of the lens Most common way of focussing Rotation of the focus ring is translated into movement of lens (groups) along the optical axis Necessary if the lens uses a floating element for focussing (only a part of the lens is moving) Magnification changes with focussing Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
12 Adjusting focus Focusing of the lens can be automated in different ways Direct motorization of the focus ring Nonlinear movements possible Motorization of manual lenses is possible (example is the Mevis-Cm lens) Simple position detection via potentiometer Very exact positioning Relatively complicated mechanics Slow focusing Many moving parts Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
13 Adjusting focus Focusing of the lens can be automated in different ways Using tunable optical elements Fastest technology on the market Very precise (no hysteresis) No moving parts Limited optical performance of optical elements Limited aperture of tunable optical elements limit usable sensor size and aperture (f/#) Example: flo.x 2.8/3.35mm Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
14 object Adjusting focus Focusing via movement of object, lens and/or sensor Focussing on system level Movement of lens and camera possible to maintain magnification Any lens can be used Considerable effort for large systems Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
15 Adjusting focus Focussing via movement of object, lens and/or sensor Linear drive of optical elements/groups, object or sensor relative to the lens Can be very fast Different motors possible (DC-motor, stepper motor, Piezo) Needs to be designed in from ground up Widely used in microscopy to move only the objective lens Very accurate and high resolution positioning possible Example: mag.x 125 Piezo Objective lens Piezo module Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
16 Example systems Example for laser triangulation AF mag.x System 125: Microscope with optional closed loop AF system Port for laser based AF sensor allows TTL AF Piezo actor for fast and precise focusing Camera Illumination optics AF sensor Objective lens Piezo module Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
17 Example systems Example for image based focus detection Dental camera with integrated AF AF algorithm is image based Processing on camera Only images that are in focus are transferred to host PC or monitor Focusing via liquid lens Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
18 Outlook Always sharp images for your future tasks! Qioptiq unrestricted Qioptiq
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