Modern Lens Design. Warren J. Smith Chief Scientist Kaiser Electro-Optics, Inc., Carisbad, California and Consultant in Optics and Design

Transcription

1 Modern Lens Design Warren J. Smith Chief Scientist Kaiser Electro-Optics, Inc., Carisbad, California and Consultant in Optics and Design Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

2 Contents Preface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction Lens Design Books Reference Material Specifications Lens Design Lens Design Program Features About This Book 28 Chapter 2. Automatic Lens Design: Managing the Lens Design Program Optimization The Merit Function Local Minima The Landscape Lens Types of Merit Functions Stagnation Generalized Simulated Annealing Considerations about Variables for Optimization How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits, and Reverse Aberration Fits Spectral Weighting How to Get Started 41 Chapter 3. Improving a Design Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques Glass Changes: Index and V-value Splitting Elements Separating a Cemented Doublet 55

3 viii Contents 3.5 Compounding an Element Vignetting and Its Uses Eliminating a Weak Element the Concentric Problem Balancing Aberrations The Symmetrical Principle Aspheric Surfaces 68 Chapter 4. Evaluation: How Good Is This Design? The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation OPD versus Measures of Performance Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations Interpreting MTF The Modulation Transfer Function Fabrication Considerations 83 Chapter 5. Lens Design Data About the Sample Lens Designs Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots Estimating the Potential of a Redesign Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and Its Modulation Transfer Function Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots Various Evaluation Plots 103 Chapter 6. Telescope Objectives The Thin Airspaced Doublet Merit Function for a Telescope Objective The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective Spherochromatism Zonal Spherical Aberration Induced Aberrations Three-Element Objectives Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems) The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design A Final Note 150 Chapter 7. Eyepieces and Magnifiers Eyepieces A Pair of Magnifier Designs The Simple, Classical Eyepieces Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6 x 30 Binocular Four-Element Eyepieces Five-Element Eyepieces Very High Index Eyepiece/Magnifier Six- and Seven-Element Eyepieces 200

4 Contents ix Chapter 8. Cooke Triplet Anastigmats Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats Glass Choice Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations Other Design Considerations A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch" The Cooke Triplet Possible Improvements to Our "Basic" Triplet The Rare Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses Aspherizing the Surfaces Increasing the Element Thickness 246 Chapter 9. Split Triplets 247 Chapter 10. TheTessar, Heliar, and Other Compounded Triplets The Classic Tessar The Heliar/Pentac The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens Other Compounded Triplets Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch" The Tessar and Heliar 272 Chapter 11. Double-Meniscus Anastigmats Meniscus Components The Hypergon, Topogon, and Metrogon A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses The Split Dagor The Dogmar Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch" The Dogmar Lens 305 Chapter 12. The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens The Basic Six-Element Version Twenty-Eight Things That Every Lens Designer Should Know About the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens The Seven-Element Biotar Split-Rear Crown The Seven-Element Biotar Broken Contact Front Doublet The Seven-Element Biotar One Compounded Outer Element The Eight-Element Biotar A "Doubled Double-Gauss" Relay 350 Chapter 13. Telephoto Lenses The Basic Telephoto Close-up or Macro Lenses 356

5 x Contents 13.3 Telephoto Designs Design of a 200-mm /74 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera "from Scratch" 367 Chapter 14. Reversed Telephoto (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses The Reversed Telephoto Principle The Basic Retrofocus Lens Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reversed Telephoto, Lenses 402 Chapter 15. Wide-Angle Lenses with Negative Outer Elements 415 Chapter 16. The Petzval Lens; Head-up Display Lenses The Petzval Portrait Lens The Petzval Projection Lens The Petzval with a Field Flattener Very High Speed Petzval Lenses Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) Systems 437 Chapter 17. Microscope Objectives General Considerations Classical Objective Design Forms: The Aplanatic Front Flat-Field Objectives Reflecting Objectives The Microscope Objective Designs 447 Chapter 18. Mirror and Catadioptric Systems The Good and the Bad Points of Mirrors The Classical Two-Mirror Systems Catadioptric Systems Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems Confocal Paraboloids Unobscured Systems Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain "from Scratch" 482 Chapter 19. Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems Infrared Optics IR Objective Lenses IR Telescopes Laser Beam Expanders Ultraviolet Systems Microlithographic Lenses 514 Chapter 20. Zoom Lenses Zoom Lenses Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras 526

6 Contents xi 20.3 A 20x Video Zoom Lens A Zoom Scanner Lens A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure 542 Chapter 21. Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses Projection TV Lenses Macro Lenses 553 Chapter 22. Scanner/f-e, Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses Monochromatic Systems Scanner Lenses Laser Disk, Focussing, and Collimator Lenses 571 Chapter 23. Tolerance Budgeting The Tolerance Budget Additive Tolerances Establishing the Tolerance Budget 583 Chapter 24. Formulary Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions The Cardinal Points Image Equations Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface) Invariants Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component) Two-Component Relationships Third-Order Aberrations Surface Contributions Third-Order Aberrations Thin Lens Contributions: The G-Sum Equations Stop Shift Equations Third-Order Aberrations Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (Optical Path Difference) 601 Glossary 605 References 621 Index 623