3G wireless systems: UMTS
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1 SCHOOL ON DIGITAL AND MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS USING TERRESTRIAL AND SATELLITE RADIO LINKS TELIT MOBILE TERMINALS 20th February 2002 Ing. PhD. Alberto Cerdeira Telit Mobile Terminals S.p.A. R&D IC Hardware Design v.le Stazione di Prosecco 5/B Sgonico alberto.cerdeira@telital.com TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 1
2 OUTLINE Why 3 rd generation? Frequency Bands Standartization of 3G Projects CDMA Technology Review UMTS Channels UMTS Synchronization UMTS Architecture TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 2
3 New services require high data rate capability UMTS GSM 2+ photo web photo report video clip report video clip ISDN web photo report video clip PSTN web photo report video clip GSM Ph.1 web photo report video clip 10sec 1 min 10 min 1 hour TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 3
4 UMTS Service aspects and Service Capabilities Radio operating environments indoor outdoor to indoor and pedestrian vehicular and fixed outdoor (satellite) Data rates up to at least 144 kbps in vehicular environment with full mobility up to at least 384 kbps in suburban outdoor and outdoor to indoor environments with medium mobility up to 2 Mbps with low mobility in pico cells and indoor Packet and circuit oriented, symmetric and asymmetric services TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 4
5 New services require high data rate capability Cellular phones towards Smart platforms Personal Digital Assistant get mobile TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 5
6 Spectrum Allocation in Europe Need for Speed = Wide Band System The spectrum availability is a key factor for the success of 3 rd generation systems UMTS Forum estimated a minimum need for a 3 rd generation operator of 2x15 MHz of paired spectrum 5 MHz of unpaired spectrum (supposing 1 UMTS carrier occupies a 5 MHz slot) MHz of unpaired spectrum 2*60=120 MHz of paired spectrum TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 6
7 Worldwide Frequency Bands 2X30 MHz in S- Band allocated to MSS, adjacent to spectrum allocation for terrestrial systems ERC (European Radiocommunications Committee) assignments to MSS: 2 x 30 MHz ( MHz and MHz) 15 MHz available from 2000 ( MHz and MHz) 30 MHz available from 2005 ( MHz and MHz) 15 MHz assigned TDMA systems (S-PCS) ( MHz and MHz) TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 7
8 Wireless Evolution through the Generations series Digital voice, low data rate applications [GSM, IS-54 (TDMA), IS-95 (CDMA), GLOBALSTAR, IRIDIUM ] 2G 3G UMTS/IMT 2000 Global Standard for wireless multimedia 1G Analogue voice (AMPS- Advanced Mobile Phone Standard, TACS-Total Access Communications System,... ) TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 8
9 Standartization - 3GPP Group ( ITU IMT-2000 contributions via existing processes Individual Members (e.g. Telit) Technical contr. Partner deliverable International Recommendations 3GPP Project Co-ordination Group Technical Specification Groups Support functions Regulators/ Governments Partners (e.g. ETSI) Technical Specifications Partners Standardisation Process TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 9
10 Standartization - 3GPP Group ( TSG Radio Access Network WG1 Radio Layer 1 WG2 Radio Layer 2 and Layer 3 (RR) WG3 Iu and O&M TSG Core Network WG1 MM/CC/SM (Iu) WG2 CAMEL/MAP WG3 Interworking with external networks Project coordination group PCG TSG Terminals WG1 Mobile terminal conformance testing WG2 Mobile terminal Services & Capabilities WG3 USIM TSG Services and System Aspects WG1 Services WG2 Architecture WG3 Security WG4 Radio performance and proto- -col aspects from a system point of view; BS conformance WG4 Codec WG5 Telecom Management TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 10
11 CDMA Technology review spreading & de-spreading rake receiver soft handoff power control synchronous versus asynchronous networks TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 11
12 CDMA Technology review CDMA & spread spectrum CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access Spread spectrum is a characteristic of a signal; the signal is not necessarily intended for a multiple access of a common medium (e.g. anti-jamming) Signals used in CDMA are usually spread spectrum signals There are many types of spread spectrum, e.g. Direct Sequence this is the only one we consider here Frequency hopping TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 12
13 CDMA Technology review Spreading & de-spreading C in (kt c ) C in (kt c ) T = SF T c a I (mt) T 0 (SF-1)T -(SF-1)T c 0 c a Q (mt) 1/T c T 1/T 0 (SF-1)T -(SF-1)T c c 0 j Cqn (ktc) -j C qn (kt c ) Direct Sequence spread spectrum Rake receiver exploits micro-diversity Spreading sequences should be as much as possible orthogonal each other with arbitrary shifts each one orthogonal to itself with arbitrary shifts TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 13
14 CDMA Technology review Ortogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes Recursive rule C C 1 (0) = 1 N C2 N(2i 1) = CN( i), CN( i) () i C ( ) 2N(2 i) = CN( i), CN( i) ( ) C4(1) 1111 C2(1) 11 C4(2) C1(1) 1 C4(3) C2(2) 1-1 C4(4) TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 14
15 CDMA Technology review encoder encoder encoder Spreading De-Spreading decoder decoder decoder TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 15
16 CDMA Technology review Code Data1 Canale Data1*Code Code Data2 Canale Data2*Code Receiveddata(sommadei canali) Rx*Code Datadespreaded RX*Code Datadespreaded Created by Luca Marcato TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 16
17 CDMA Technology review Soft handoff (hand-over) The two Base Stations use different scrambling codes Soft handoff exploits macro-diversity Softer handoff: between two sector of the same BS Active Set: set of BS connected to a mobile Candidate Set: set of BS whose signals has been detected by the mobile but not currently connected TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 17
18 CDMA Technology review Rake receiver C in (kt c ) C in (kt c ) 0 (SF-1)T c a I (mt) α 0 (SF-1)T c β -(SF-1)T c a Q (mt) 0 δt c -(SF-1)T c j Cqn (ktc) C qn (kt c ) C in (kt c - δt c ) 0 0 T α * T T -(SF-1)T c - δt c -δt c T β * -(SF-1)T c - δt c -δt c C qn (kt c - δt c ) TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 18
19 CDMA Technology review 0 (SF-1)T c Rake receiver in soft handoff C in (kt c ) C in (kt c ) a I (mt) α T 0 (SF-1)T c -(SF-1)T c 0 a Q (mt) 0 α * T -(SF-1)T c 0 j Cqn (ktc) C qn (kt c ) C in (kt c - δt c ) C in (kt c ) a I (mt) -(SF-1)T c - δt c -δt c T 0 (SF-1)T c β a Q (mt) 0 δt c -(SF-1)T c - δt c -δt c T β * C qn (kt c - δt c ) 0 (SF-1)T c j C qn (ktc ) TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 19
20 CDMA Technology review Why power control? A strong user can cover a weak one (because codes are not strictly orthogonal): near far effect Since we want a fair system the network command the mobiles to adjust their power in order to have their signals to arrive with (almost) equal quality (minimise the interference at the base station) Power control is critical for CDMA systems If we can separate users in some way (e.g. TDD and Multi User Detection) power control become less critical TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 20
21 CDMA Technology review Power control & soft handoff Power control minimise intra-cell interference Inter-cell interference minimisation is achieved through soft handoff and careful selection of the BS involved in it TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 21
22 CDMA Technology review Codes planning Different Base Stations must have different scrambling codes e.g. to permit to the mobile to distinguish between signals coming from different BS Different scrambling codes completely different scrambling codes scrambling codes made by shifting a unique mother code TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 22
23 CDMA Technology review Synchronous & asynchronous networks Synchronous network: all BS are tightly synchronised (e.g. through GPS) Asynchronous network: BS are not supposed to be synchronised In synchronous networks we can use a set o scrambling codes made from shifts of a unique mother code UMTS is an asynchronous system TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 23
24 UMTS Channels Logical, Transport and Physical channels Logical channel: an information stream dedicated to the transfer of a specific type of information Transport channel: described by how data are transferred Physical channel: defined by the frequency, phase (I,Q) and code TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 24
25 UMTS Channels Logical channels Control channels (C-plane information) Synchronisation Control CHannel (DL) Broadcast Control CHannel (DL) Paging Control CHannel (DL) Common Control CHannel (UL&DL) Dedicated Control CHannel (UL&DL) Shared Control CHannel ODMA Dedicated Control CHannel Traffic channels (U-plane information) Dedicated Traffic CHannel (DL&UL) ODMA Dedicated Traffic CHannel Common Traffic CHannel Others channels... TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 25
26 UMTS Syncronization Primary and Secondary Syncronization Channels (PSCH, SSCH) 256 chips Pattern All zeros T slot = 2560 chips, 20 bits = 10 symbols Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms Common Pilot Syncronization Channels (CPICH) Pre-defined symbol sequence T slot = 2560 chips, 20 bits = 10 symbols Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 26
27 UMTS Synchronization PSCH is constant over a slot and identify the UMTS cell, slot periodicity. (slot synchronization) SSCH is constant over a frame, each of 15 slot has its own symbol from 16 possible ones and identify the code group to use. (frame synchronization) CPICH has frame periodicity. Identify the sub-code from where to get the final code to use with other channels. P-SCH S-SCH CPICH other channels P-SCH S-SCH CPICH other channels Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 15 P-SCH S-SCH CPICH other channels chips TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 27
28 UMTS Syncronization Down-link spreading and modulation: Any downlink physical channel except SCH all channels but SCH S P C ch,sf,m I Q I+jQ S dl,n S j TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 28
29 UMTS Hardware Function Extentions The asynchronous characteristic in UMTS system needs a more complex synchronization procedure. The complexity in its realization is due to the big amount of CPU and/or DSP time need to complete the synchronization between the mobile and the antenna. The solutions are the use of a powerful embedded system, but it may cost in power consumption, or the realization of an external, to CPU, hardware accelerator block that realize the desired function only when it is necessary, in real time. In this paper we present a full hardware block done in a FPGA for UMTS-FDD initial synchronization procedure. TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 29
30 UMTS Terminal : envisaged architecture FPGA ASIC The core of the system is the DSP, responsible of most of the baseband processing; the support of dedicated FPGAs or ASICs for particular heavy computational operations like rake-decoding/interference mitigation can be necessary depending on DSP computational power. In this last case, a dedicated bus between the DSP and the ASIC could also be needed, or the ASIC should directly communicate with the AD/DA converters and then with the DSP. The Control Processor manages the exchange of data/addressing information between the DSP and the ASIC A digital predistortion in the TX path is envisaged, performed by the loop DSP-Up conversion path- Antenna set- Feedback. The same feedback line, shown in figure, is used to perform a dinamic adjustment, to improve the linearity of the receiving section. TELIT GROUP Industries for Telecommunications 30
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