Exploiting Distributed Resources in Wireless, Mobile and Social Networks Frank H. P. Fitzek and Marcos D. Katz

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Exploiting Distributed Resources in Wireless, Mobile and Social Networks Frank H. P. Fitzek and Marcos D. Katz"

Edmund Hart
6 years ago
Views:

1 MOBILE CLOUDS Exploiting Distributed Resources in Wireless, Mobile and Social Networks Frank H. P. Fitzek and Marcos D. Katz

3 MOBILE CLOUDS

5 MOBILE CLOUDS EXPLOITING DISTRIBUTED RESOURCES IN WIRELESS, MOBILE AND SOCIAL NETWORKS Frank H.P. Fitzek Aalborg University, Denmark Marcos D. Katz University of Oulu, Finland

6 This edition first published 2014 C 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fitzek, Frank H.P. Mobile clouds: exploiting distributed resources in wireless, mobile and social networks / Frank H.P. Fitzek, Marcos D. Katz. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardback) 1. Cloud computing. 2. Mobile computing. I. Katz, Marcos D. II. Title. QA F dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: Set in 10/13pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

7 To Lilith and Samuel!

9 Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations xiii xv xxi xxiii Part One MOBILE CLOUDS: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 Motivation Introduction From Brick Phones to Smart Phones Mobile Connectivity Evolution: From Single to Multiple Air Interface Devices Network Evolution: The Need for Advanced Architectures Conclusion 11 References 11 2 Mobile Clouds: An Introduction Introduction Mobile Cloud Definitions Generic Mobile Cloud Definition Mobile Cloud Definition Cooperative Cloud Mobile Cloud Definition Resource Cloud Mobile Cloud Definition Social Cloud Cooperation and Cognition in Mobile Clouds Mobile Cloud Classification and Associated Cooperation Approaches Types of Cooperation and Incentives Forced Cooperation/Self Cooperation Altruistic Cooperation Egoistic Cooperation 32

10 viii Contents Social Cooperation Embedded Technical Cooperation Conclusion 33 References 35 3 Sharing Device Resources in Mobile Clouds Introduction Examples of Resource Sharing Sharing Loudspeakers Sharing Microphones Sharing Image Sensors Sharing Displays Sharing General Purpose Sensors Sharing Keyboards Sharing Data Pipes Sharing Mobile Apps Sharing Mass Memory Sharing Processing Units Sharing Batteries Conclusion 51 References 51 Part Two ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MOBILE CLOUDS 4 Wireless Communication Technologies Introduction Cellular Communications Systems Short Range Technologies Bluetooth IEEE Combined Air Interface Building Mobile Clouds Conclusion 65 References 66 5 Network Coding for Mobile Clouds Introduction to Network Coding Inter Flow Network Coding Inter Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds Analog Network Coding 74

11 Contents ix Comparison of Analog and Digital Network Coding Impact of the Medium Access Control Strategy Intra Flow Network Coding Intra Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds Exchange and Seeding Information for Mobile Clouds Distributed Storage in Mobile Clouds Security, Privacy and Data Integrity in Mobile Clouds Conclusion 91 References 91 6 Mobile Cloud Formation and Maintenance Introduction Mobile Cloud Stages Service Discovery for Mobile Clouds Conclusion 104 References 104 Part Three SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MOBILE CLOUDS 7 Cooperative Principles by Nature Introduction Cheetahs and Hyenas Orca Killer Whales Vampire Bats Monkeys Prisoner s Dilemma Conclusion 115 References Social Mobile Clouds Introduction Different Forms of Cooperation Social Networks and Mobile Clouds Evolution Phase I: Agnostic Era Evolution Phase II: Mobile Networks Supporting Social Networks Evolution Phase III: Deep Integration: Interplay of Social and Mobile Networks Cooperation in Relaying Networks: A Simple Example Conclusion 129 References 130

12 x Contents Part Four GREEN ASPECTS OF MOBILE CLOUDS 9 Green Mobile Clouds: Making Mobile Devices More Energy Efficient Introduction Cooperative Download Energy Consumption for the Sequential Local Exchange (SLE) Energy Consumption for the Parallel Local Exchange (PLE) Cooperative Streaming Comparison of the Different Approaches Conclusion and Outlook Energy Gain for the Network Operator Conclusion 157 References 157 Part Five APPLICATION OF MOBILE CLOUDS 10 Mobile Clouds Applications Introduction Forced Cooperation Overlay Network Crowd sourced Information by the Network Operators Crowd sourced Information by the Manufacturers Crowd sourced Information by the Mobile Apps Technology enabled Cooperation Overlay Network Socially enabled Cooperation Overlay Network Altruism Overlay Network Forced Cooperation Direct Mobile Cloud Technically enabled Cooperation Direct Mobile Cloud CoopLoc Cooperative Access Socially enabled Cooperation Direct Mobile Cloud Sharing Internet Connections Sharing Applications Altruism: Direct Mobile Cloud Industrial Activities Conclusion 176 References 176 Part Six MOBILE CLOUDS: PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS 11 Visions and Prospects Some Insights on the Future Developments of Mobile Clouds Mobile Clouds and Related Technology Developments 184

13 Contents xi Internet of Things Machine to Machine Communications Device to Device Technology Promising Novel Applications of Mobile Clouds Resource Sharing as one of the Pillars of Social Interaction: the Birth of Shareconomy 189 References 192 Index 193

15 Foreword The penetration of mobile technology into our society in recent years is remarkable. It has enabled enormous levels of always available connectivity to the world s population with untold benefits and capabilities. This book on Mobile Clouds lays it all out. It is written at an easily accessible level for engineers, researchers and students without the burden of heavy mathematics, but rather with a superb descriptive approach that encourages full understanding of the key issues, the basic solutions, the advantages of those solutions, the direction in which the field is moving, and a presentation of its impact. This is a highly readable, intuitively pleasing and most enjoyable presentation of the emerging world of Mobile Clouds. The trajectory of the development of Mobile Clouds has been one of wireless communications leading to mobile telephony, which has evolved into always available voice and data access. The tremendous success of these technologies is placing severe strains on the underlying resources needed to continue the growth and deployment of new users, new applications, and new services. In response, as this book explains, there is a growing need for sharing of resources while at the same time improving the efficiency of spectrum use and energy consumption. The seeds for these improvements came from two parallel developments in the early history of mobile access, both beginning in the early 1970 s. One development is that with which the public is so familiar, namely, the rise of mobile voice access which led to the centralized point to point architecture of the network operator directly communicating with the mobile device. This led to the recognition that improved spectrum and energy efficiency would result from the introduction of smaller and smaller cell sites. The other development, far less familiar to the public, is the study of the distributed architecture of multi hop mesh network communications in which each node became a part of what we now recognize as the Mobile Cloud. There is great promise now in the growth of a hybrid distributed/centralized architecture, which exploits the best of both architectures. In this architecture, the technology of network coding plays a valuable role and, true to their form, the authors provide a lucid and intuitive description in a full Chapter devoted to this important topic. Rounding out this work, the application of mobile clouds focuses on various forms of cooperation in social networks, such networks serving as an important driver of Mobile Cloud growth. As we move into the future, we are then introduced to the growth of traffic due

COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS

COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS THIRD EDITION AHMED A. SHABANA Richard and Loan Hill Professor of Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS COMPUTATIONAL