Let the people speak: using evidence from the Global South to reshape our digital future. IGF 2017 Panel (WS188), Geneva

Transcription

1 Let the people speak: using evidence from the Global South to reshape our digital future IGF 217 Panel (WS188), Geneva

2 Methodology Desired level of accuracy set to a confidence level of 95% and an absolute precision (relative margin of error) of 5%. The population proportion P was set conservatively to.5 which yields the largest sample size (Lwanga & Lemeshow, 1991). The minimum sample size was determined by the following equation (Rea & Parker, 1997): Sampling Weighting

3 Percentages Percentages obile Phone Access LatAm 8 Asia COL PRGY ARG GUA PER 4 Africa Kenya South Africa Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique

4 Percentage Percentage Mobile phone type 12 used ARG COL PER PRGY GUA Basic Feature phone Smartphone Smartphone Basic Feature phone Mozambique Tanzania Rwanda Kenya Ghana South Africa Nigeria Basic Feature Smartphone

5 Percentage Percentage Internet 1 use COL ARG PER GUA PRGY South Africa Nigeria Ghana Kenya Tanzania Mozambique Rwanda

6 Percentages Percentages Do you use Internet for 26 education LatAm 22.5 Asia PER GUA COL ARG PRGY Africa Ghana Nigeria Mozambique Kenya South Africa 16 11

7 Years Years Average Years of Internet 9 use LatAm ARG COL PER GUA PRGY 7.5 Africa South Africa Tanzania Nigeria Kenya Ghana Rwanda Mozambique

8 Percentage Percentage Do you use Internet for work LatAm 15 Asia PER ARG COL GUA PRGY 1 18 Africa Kenya Nigeria South Africa Mozambique Ghana

9 Percentages Percentages Social media use LatAm Asia 3 15 COL PER ARG GUA PRGY 5 Africa South Africa Nigeria Ghana Kenya Tanzania Mozambique Rwanda

10 Africa

11 Sample Rwanda Sample 1211 Male 47.22%, Female 52.78% Urban 21.6%, Rural 78.4% Kenya Sample 128 Male 45.28%, female 54.72% Urban 26.49%, Rural 73.51% Ghana Sample 12 Male 48.49%, female 51.51% Urban 55.31%, Rural 44.69% Tanzania Nigeria Sample 188 Male 5.35%, female 49.65% Urban 49.4%, Urban 5.6% South Africa Sample 1815 Mozambique Male 44,12, female Urban 64.5, Rural 35.5 Sample 1171 Male 44.23%, female 55,77% Urban 32.82, Rural Sample 12 Male 46.74%, female 53.26% Urban 33.2%, Rural 66.98%

12 Percentages Mobile phone penetration by gender - Africa 1 Africa Kenya South Africa Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique Male Female

13 Percentages Smartphone penetration by gender - Africa Africa South Africa Kenya Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Mozambique Rwanda Male Female

14 Percentages Years of Internet use by gender - Africa 7 7 Africa South Africa Nigeria Rwanda Tanzania Ghana Mozambique Kenya Male Female

15 Percentages Social media use by gender - Africa 5 Africa South Africa Kenya Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Mozambique Rwanda Male Female

16 Percentages Internet use by gender - Africa Africa South Africa Nigeria Ghana Kenya Tanzania Mozambique Rwanda Male Female

17 Percentages Do you use Internet for work related by gender - Africa 22.5 Africa Kenya South Africa Nigeria Mozambique Ghana Male Female

18 Percentages Mobile Access by location - Africa 1 Africa Kenya South Africa Ghana Tanzania Nigeria Rwanda Mozambique Urban Rural

19 Percentages Smartphone penetration by location 7 Africa South Africa Kenya Ghana Tanzania Mozambique Nigeria Rwanda Urban Rural

20 Percentages Years of Internet use by location - Africa 7 Africa South Africa Kenya Tanzania Ghana Rwanda Nigeria Mozambique Urban Rural

21 Percentages Do you use Internet for education by location - Africa Africa Ghana Mozambique Nigeria South Africa Kenya Urban Rural

22 Percentages 3 Do you use Internet for work by location - Africa Kenya South Africa Nigeria Mozambique Ghana Urban Rural

23 Microwork - Africa Country Observation Microwork (%) Male (%) Ghana Kenya 49 2,14 55, ,52 48,7 39 7,9 83,81 Mozambique 299 9,68 53,71 Nigeria Rwanda 129 3,93 77,91 South Africa 796 6,48 56,19 Tanzania 244,56 22,56

24 Percentages Do you use Internet for education by location - Africa 62.5 Africa Ghana Mozambique Nigeria Kenya South Africa Urban Rural

25 Percentages Social media use by location Africa Africa South Africa Kenya Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Mozambique Rwanda Urban Rural

26 Limitations to Internet use No limitation Lack of time Data cost Lack of content in my language Speed of Internet Privacy concern Worried about getting virus/malware Not allowed to use it (by family/spouse) Ghana Kenya Mozambique Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Tanzania Find it difficult to use

27 Asia

28 23% of world s population (aged 15-65), 36% of world s poor (aged 15-65) covered in the survey Population : 193 million 3% below national poverty line Per capita GDP (PPP) : $ 5,246 Pakistan* India Banglades h Population : 1,324 million 22% below national poverty line Per capita GDP (PPP) : $ 6,583 Source: World Bank Per Capita GDP PPP (current international $) Poverty headcount ratio at $1.9 a day (213) Population : 163 million 24% below national poverty line Per capita GDP (PPP) : $ 3,587 Population : 16 million 22% below national poverty line Per capita GDP (PPP) : $ 3,744 Cambodia

29 Coverage: 5 households in India. 2 each in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia 1 Enumerator Areas 2,* Households & Individuals At 3% margin of error Nationally representative of 98% population aged Villages and Wards 2, Households & Individuals At 3% margin of error Nationally representative of population aged Pakistan* India Banglades h 25 Villages and Wards 5, Households & Individuals At 3% margin of error Nationally representative of population aged Villages 2, Households & Individuals At 3% margin of error Nationally representative of population aged * The fieldwork is ongoing 4 Provinces + Federal Capital Islamabad (excluding AJK, FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan) Cambodia

30 Rural households almost on par with urban in mobile ownership in the household Access to mobile phones in households (% of households) 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 94% 95% 97% 94% 96% 91% 9% 92% 89% (gap=2%) (gap=8%) (gap=7%) 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Total Urban Rural Urban-rural % gap in HH mobile ownership = (Urban HH % mobile ownership rural HH % mobile ownership) Urban HH % mobile ownership Q: How many working Mobile phones, Does your household have? Base Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural All Households 88 1, ,226 2,2 2,869

31 At household level Internet access is low; significant urban vs rural gaps exist. 5% Access to Internet in households (% of households) 45% 4% 35% 34% 3% 25% 2% 15% 1% 5% 11% 21% 61% 8% 5% 12% 73% 3% 21% 59% 14% % Total Urban Rural Urban-rural % gap in HH Internet access = (Urban HH % Internet access rural HH % Internet access ) Urban HH % Internet access Q: Does this household have a working Internet connection, if so what type? (One that is exclusive for the household and is accessible to all household members) Base Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural All Households 88 1, ,226 2,2 2,869 1

32 Most common methods of connecting to Internet in households are mobile phones or dongles Household Access to Internet (% of households with internet access) 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 97% 95% 1% Mobile phones /dongles Bangladesh 3% 5% % Fibre and ADSL/ or wireless Internet (e. g. CDMA) 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 66% 63% Cambodia 73% Mobile phones /dongles 34% 37% 27% Fibre and ADSL/ or wireless Internet (e. g. CDMA) Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 92% 93% 9% India Mobile phones /dongles 8% 7% 1% Fibre and ADSL/ or wireless Internet (e. g. CDMA) Total Urban Rural Q: Does this household have a working Internet connection, if so what type? (One that is exclusive for the household and is accessible to all household members) 2 Base Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural All Households

33 Mobile access (is high), usage (is respectable) and ownership (is not bad, but could get better) 1% 9% Mobile Phone Access, Usage & Ownership (% of population) 94% 91% 92% 87% 8% 7% 6% 74% 72% 68% 77% 61% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Access Usage Ownership Q: How many working mobile phones does your household have? [Access] Q: Did you use a mobile phone in the past three months? This can Q: be Do owned you own by anyone, a mobile and phone? for voice or data or both. [Use] Q: Do you own a mobile phone? [Ownership] 3 Base All Households & Respondents 2,2 2,123 5,69

34 Urban-rural gap in individual mobile ownership high in KH and IN 1% Mobile phone ownership (% of population) 9% 8% 7% 6% 74% 78% 7% 72% 68% 81% 21% 64% 61% 71% 22% 55% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Total Urban Rural Q: Do you own a mobile phone? 4 Base Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural All Respondents 88 1, ,226 2,2 2,869

35 Gender gap in mobile ownership still in double digits; close to 5% in India 1% Mobile phone ownership (% of population) 9% 8% 7% 6% 74% 87% 34% 58% 68% 78% 79% 2% 62% 61% 46% 5% 43% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Total Male Female Q: Do you own a mobile phone? 5 Base Male Female Male Female Male Female All Respondents 1, ,388 2,478 2,591

36 Smartphone ownership lagging behind in BD and IN 1% Type of mobile owned (% of mobile owners) 9% 8% 7% 6% 56% 5% 4% 42% 37% 49% 48% 3% 24% 28% 2% 1% 12% 16% % Basic phone Feature phone Smartphone Q: What type of mobile is it? Multiple responses allowed [1] basic phone [2] feature phone [3] smartphone Base Mobile phone Users 1,531 1,526 3,252 6

37 No need predominant reason for not owning a smartphone. I can t afford it is second reason Bangladesh Primary reason for not owning a smartphone (%Non-smartphone users) 1% 2% % % 8% 21% 67% Other I do not know what that is They are not available where I live Cambodia India 7% 4% % 1% 13% 1% 6% 1% 1% 11% 27% 33% 49% 47% I was not allowed to get one It is too complicated for me/i do not know how to use one I cannot afford one/it is too expensive I do not need one (a feature/basic phone is sufficient for me) % 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% Q: What is the primary reason why you have chosen not to obtain a smartphone or touch phone handset? 7 Base Non Smart phone Users 1, ,378

38 Internet access still very low, despite having devices 1% Internet access, usage & ownership ICT devices, (% of population) 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 44% 42% 12% 37% 29% 19% % Internet accessible devices - individual Internet usage - individual Q: What type of mobile is it? Multiple responses allowed [1] basic phone [2] feature phone [3] smartphone Q: Do you own a personal Desktop computer or Laptop? Q: Have you ever used the Internet? (Gmail, Google, Facebook, ) 8 Base All Households & Respondents 2,2 2,123 5,69

39 Significant urban-rural gaps in Internet Access 1% Internet use (% of population) 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 13% 19% 42% 11% 36% 51% 4% 31% 19% 27% 48% 14% % Country Urban Rural Q: Have you ever used the Internet? (Gmail, Google, Facebook, ) 9 Base Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural All Respondents 88 1, ,226 2,2 2,869

40 Large gender gaps in Internet use 1% Internet use (% of population) 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 13% 18% 62% 7% 36% 45% 34% 3% 19% 26% 57% 11% % Country Male Female Q: Have you ever used the Internet? (Gmail, Google, Facebook, ) Base Male Female Male Female Male Female All Respondents 1, ,388 2,478 2,591

41 Many still don t know about the Internet; High urban-rural gaps too. Those aware of what the Internet is (% of population) 5% 47% 45% 43% 4% 35% 33% 32% 35% 4% 3% 3% 28% 25% 2% 19% 15% 11% 59% 1% 8% 5% % Country Urban Rural Q: Do you know what the Internet is? Base Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural All Respondents 88 1, ,226 2,2 2,869 1

42 Gender gaps in Internet awareness seen 5% Aware of what the Internet is (% of population) 45% 44% 4% 38% 35% 3% 25% 33% 27% 28% 35% 42% 25% 2% 15% 1% 11% 14% 34% 9% 5% % Country Male Female Q: Do you know what the Internet is? Base Male Female Male Female Male Female All Respondents 1, ,388 2,478 2,591 2

43 Internet mostly first accessed via mobiles 1% 9% 93% Mode of first time Internet use (% of Internet users) 9% 8% 74% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 22% 1% % 6% 9% % 1% 1% % 1% 4% Desktop/Laptop Mobile Phone Tablet Can t remember Q: Did you use the Internet first on a computer, a mobile phone or a tablet? Base Internet Users

44 Those who use the Internet, mostly access it at least once a day; KH users are heavier users 1% 9% 8% 7% Internet use on mobile phones (% of internet users) 8% 8% 1% 1% 8% 24% 14% 4% 22% 6% 46% 5% 4% 3% 58% 42% 2% 37% 1% % 19% 9% once a hour once a day once a month less than once a month not at all Q: How often do you access the Internet on a mobile phone (including Tablet)? Base Internet Users

45 When using Internet most time is spent on social media Activity on which most time is spent in the Internet (% of internet users) Activity Social media (like Facebook 48% 44% 27% Chatting 18% 3% 2% Entertainment 5% 3% 16% Online shopping % % 1% News 11% 14% 7% Educational related 1% 2% 15% Work related 7% 1% 1% (non-work related) % % 1% Job/work search % % 1% Government service/website % % 1% Other (specify) 1% 4% 1% Q: When you use the Internet, what do you spend most time on? Base Internet Users

46 KH SM users more restrained in what they share than BD and IN users 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 96% 96% 83% 85% 75% 68% Social Media Sharing Information (% of SM users) 92% 84% 81% 78% 76% 75% 71% 69% 71% 68% 63% 57% 53% 45% 3% 4% 33% 26% 23% 11% 1% % Gender Real Name Age Religion Martial status Pictures or videos you and your family and friends Mobile Number / address Political views Sexual orientation The Economist Intelligence Unit s Democracy Index 216 country ranks Q: What information do you share on Social media (eg. profile)? 6 Base Social Media Users

47 SM most frequently used for calls, chatting, staying in touch with friends and family Use of social media (% of SM users) What do you use Social media for Making calls 78% 76% 83% Chatting [text] 93% 72% 86% To stay in contact with friends and family 94% 79% 91% To make new friends 76% 61% 68% To get opinions / share your experience 57% 54% 63% To share videos/ pictures/ music 67% 67% 74% To share my produced content 52% 5% 55% To play games 42% 32% 66% Reading news 73% 86% 77% To look for educational content 57% 5% 71% To market your products/services 29% 9% 45% To make professional and business contacts 37% 26% 57% To follow government Social media pages 35% 4% 58% To follow local politicians 33% 43% 47% Q:What do you use Social media for? 7 Base Social Media Users

48 Most who require help with SM settings get it from friends or family When it comes to changing settings on SM accounts, who do you ask for help? (% SM users) Ask a friend 37% 18% 33% I never do it 3% 9% 22% Call someone I know 1% 1% 2% Ask a family member other than children 7% 13% 9% Ask a neighbour 5% 3% 4% I can do it myself 4% 19% 9% Go to a shop to get help 3% 3% 2% Look for answer on the Internet 2% 1% 5% Ask a family member - children 1% 14% 9% Contact technical support 1% 13% 4% Other % 1% 1% Fiddle until it works % 4% 1% I ignore it and move on with my life % 1% % Q: When it comes to changing settings for your social media software/ site/app, if you need help, what do you do first? 8 Base Social Media Users

49 Social networking, messaging and entertainment apps most popular 1% Use of mobile apps (% feature or smartphone owners) 9% 8% 7% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 42% 26% 17% Voice apps 5% 46% 48% 22% Messaging apps 19% Social networking apps 51% 43% 13% 13% Entertainment apps 37% 36% 34% 33% 8% 25% 22% 3% 33% 3% 8% Game apps News apps Weather apps Educational apps 51% 15% 26% Business apps 19% 6% 3% Trading apps 15% 1% 2% 2% 1% Payment gateway apps 17% Transport apps 29% 25% 6% Search tool apps Q: Are you using these types of mobile apps on your phone 9 Base Feature or smartphone owners ,397

50 Mobile banking and mobile money used in BD 1% 9% Use of mobiles for financial transactions (% of feature or smartphone owners) 95% 88% 8% 7% 6% 63% 5% 4% 3% 33% 2% 1% % 8% 3% 1% 2% 3% 1% 2% 2% mobile banking mobile money both Do not use mobiles for financial transactions Q: Do you ever use Mobile phone for financial transactions: to send or receive money Base Feature or smartphone users ,397

51 Awareness of platforms (for ecommerce) highest in IN; BD lags behind in most categories 1% Awareness of platforms (% of internet users) 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 32% 24% 23% 21% 14% 49% Goods/products (Amazon, Aliexpress, ebay) 6% Tickets and appointments (movie/railway/ doctor appointments) 46% 45% 19% 29% 38% Transport/ taxi services (Uber,) 16% 34% % 21% Microwork/freelance (Upwork, Fiverr) 13% 42% Bangladesh Cambodia Pakistan India 29% 29% 23% 1% 3% 4% Hired help Accommodation (AirBnB) 18% 2% 3% % Other Q: Have you heard of these opportunities to buy/sell goods or services over the internet or apps as just defined? 1 Base Internet users

52 Usage of platforms (for purchase): e-commerce are most used in IN. Low usage of platforms in KH 1% 9% Usage of platforms for purchase of goods/services (% of internet users aware of platforms) 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 12% 7% 6% 7% 2% 5% 1% 4% 3% 1% 3% 3% % 3% 3% 4% % 1% 5% % % Transport/ taxi services (e.g., Uber,) Goods/products (e.g., Amazon, Aliexpress, ebay) Microwork/freelance (e.g., Upwork, Fiverr) Tickets and appointments (e.g., movie/railway/ doctor appointments) Hired help Accommodation (e.g., AirBnB) Other Q: Have you ever bought any of the following goods or services through the internet or apps? 2 Base: Respondents who are aware of the platforms *Bases are low for BD Base : Internet users who are aware of the Platforms Transport/ taxi services (Uber,) Goods/products (Amazon, Aliexpress, ebay) Microwork/freelance (Upwork, Fiverr) Tickets and appointments (movie/railway/ doctor appointments) Hired help Accommodation (AirBnB) Other

53 Lack of understanding of what the Internet is (BD, IN) and how to use it (KH) are key barriers getting online 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% Reasons for not using Internet (% of non-users) % 1% 2% 2% 3% 1% 5% 1% 4% 1% 9% 18% 11% Other 7% 41% 8% No time, too busy Too expensive 5% 9% Not available in my area (no mobile coverage) 4% I don t know how to use it 3% 67% 23% 64% No interest / not useful 2% No access device computer /smartphone 1% 21% I don t know what the internet is % Q: What is the main reason why you do not use the Internet? Base Non internet Users 1,754 1,32 4,151 3

54 Main reason for not using the Internet more than they currently use: Varies by country Main limitation for Internet use (% of Internet users) 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 1% % 2% 2% 15% % 2% 2% 1% 22% 3% 2% 7% 18% 19% 21% 33% % 5% 7% 27% 11% Other No Internet connection Find it difficult use Not allowed to use it Worried about virus/malware Privacy concern Speed of Internet Lack of content in my language Data cost Lack of time No limitation Q: What is the main limitation on your use of the internet? 4 Base Internet Users

55 LatAm

56 Percentages Mobile Access by location - LatAm ARG COL GUA PRGY PRGY Urban Rural

57 Percentages 8 Smartphone penetration by location - LatAm ARG COL PER PRGY GUA Urban Rural

58 Mobile uses: Traditional vs Non-traditional Traditional: Online or offline Not-related to applications Non-traditional: Related to applications (necessary condition). Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban ARG COL GUA PER PRGY Traditional mobile uses Non-traditional mobile uses After Access Survey - LATAM 217. Author s own elaboration.

59 Main reason for not owning a Smartphone ARG COL GUA PRGY PER Do not need one Cannot afford one Complicate to use Others After Access Survey - LATAM 217. Author s own elaboration.

60 Internet Activities: Education, Work and Government related ARG COL GUA PER PRGY Education Work Government After Access Survey - LATAM 217. Author s own elaboration.

61 Main reason for not using Internet PER PRGY GUA COL ARG Do not know what the Internet is No interest Other No access to Internet enables devices Do not know how to use it After Access Survey - LATAM 217. Author s own elaboration.

62 Percentages Social media use by location - LatAm COL PER ARG GUA PRGY Urban Rural

63 Percentages Mobile phone penetration by gender - LatAm COL GUA PER PRGY ARG Male Female

64 Percentages Smartphone penetration by gender - LatAm ARG COL PER PRGY GUA Male Female

65 Percentages Internet use by gender - LatAm COL PER ARG GUA PRGY Male Female

66 Percentages Years of Internet use by gender - LatAm ARG COL PRGY GUA PER Male Female

67 Percentages Do you use Internet for work related by gender - LatAm PER ARG GUA COL PRGY Male Female

68 Percentages Social media use by gender - LatAm COL PER ARG GUA PRGY Male Female

69 Research made possible by