INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK A REVIEW ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANDROID IN SMART PHONES RAVNEET KAUR T. BAGGA 1, DR. H. R. DESHMUKH 2 IBSS College of Engineering, Amravati. Accepted Date: 05/03/2015; Published Date: 01/05/2015 Abstract: A Smartphone is a device that lets you make telephone calls, but also adds features that you might find on a personal digital assistant or a computer. There are various operating systems developed specially for mobile phones to make it smart or intelligent. ANDROID is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The topic covers the actual difference between FEATURED PHONES and SMART PHONES and the role played by operating systems to increase the flexibility of handsets. This topic also explores the Architecture of Android and how it is implemented in new era of gadgets by using highly configured handsets or a technique called Mobile Virtualization. The greatest advantage of Android is that, it is an Open source, so it allows users to develop their own Android applications using the readymade tools given on the site of Android. Keywords: Architecture, features, DVM, Libraries Corresponding Author: MR. RAVNEET KAUR T. BAGGA Access Online On: How to Cite This Article: PAPER-QR CODE 1541
2 INTRODUCTION Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices, based on the Linux kernel, developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance. Open Handset Alliance, is a consortium of several companies which include Google, HTC, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, T- Mobile, Sprint Nextel and NVIDIA, these companies aim to develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices and services. The Android platform is the first step in this direction - a fully integrated mobile "software stack" that consists of an operating system, middleware, user-friendly interface and applications. Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently more than 250,000 apps available for Android. Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write primarily in the Java programming language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license. The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCoremedia framework. Smart phone VS Featured phone: Smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with telephones, such as an operating system, Web browsing and the ability to run software applications. A smart phone is a high-end mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary feature phone (i.e. a modern 1542
3 low-end phone). A smart phone combines the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a mobile phone. Today's models typically also serve as portable media players and camera phones with high-resolution touchscreen, GPS navigation, Wi-Fi and mobile broadband access. A Smartphone runs a complete mobile operating system. Widespread examples are Apple ios, Google Android, Microsoft Windows Phone 7, Nokia Symbian, Research In Motion BlackBerry OS, and embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo. Such systems can be installed on many different phone models. They can run third-party applications, using an application programming interface (API). According to an Olswang report in early 2011, the rate of Smartphone adoption is accelerating: as of March % of UK consumers had a Smartphone, with this percentage rising to 31% amongst year olds. Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful processors and graphics processing units, abundant memory (FLASH memory), high-resolution screens with multi-touch capability, and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone market for several years. According to an early 2010 study by ComScore, over 45.5 million people in the United States owned smartphones out of 234 million total subscribers. Despite the large increase in smartphone sales in the last few years, smartphone shipments only make up 20% of total handset shipments, as of the first half of In March 2011 Berg Insight reported data that showed global smartphone shipments increased 74% from 2009 to Feature phone is a term used to describe a modern low-end mobile phone that is not a Smartphone. If a feature phone allows installation of third-party applications, for example mobile games, it is only via a relatively limited platform such as Java ME or BREW. A feature phone does typically not allow application multitasking, and may not provide a complete file system with folder hierarchy and manager user interface. Feature phones offer less powerful APIs to the application developer than Smart phones. Features of Android: Application framework enabling reuse and replacement of components. Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices. Integrated browser based on the open source Web Kit engine. Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on the Open GLS 1.0 specification (hardware acceleration optional). 1543
4 SQLite for structured data storage Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF) GSM Telephony (hardware dependent) Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi (hardware dependent)camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent) Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, and a plug in for the Eclipse IDE. Android Architecture: Applications Android will ship with a set of core applications including an client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language. Application Framework By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers are free to take advantage of the device hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much, much more. Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user. Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including: A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code 1544
5 resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files. A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar. An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation back stack. Libraries Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below: System C library - a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries - based on Packet Video s Open CORE; the libraries support playback and recording of many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG Surface Manager - manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications LibWebCore - a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL - the underlying 2D graphics engine 3D libraries - an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer. Free Type - bitmap and vector font rendering. SQLite - a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications Android Runtime Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language. Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory 1545
6 footprint. The VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into the.dex format by the included "dx" tool. The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and lowlevel memory management Linux Kernel. Figure: Android Architecture Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack. REFERENCES: 1. Maker, F., Chan, Y., A Survey on Android vs. Linux, University of California, Dominique A. Heger, Mobile Devices - An Introduction to the Android Operating Environment. 3. Brady, P., Android Anatomy and Physiology", Google I/O Developer Conference, Architecture, Google Android Developers Forum. 5. Android Wikipedia,
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