Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
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1 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Fred Baker 1
2 The manet problem Mobile Random and perhaps constantly changing Ad-hoc Not engineered Networks Elastic data applications which use networks to communicate 2
3 Examples of such networks Sensor networks Automotive networks Military applications 3
4 Sensor networks Networks deployed in random distribution Low power Delivering sensor data to a central site for some purpose 4
5 Traffic networks Smart cars and smart roads Onboard systems talk to the road : Map obstacles and delays Obtain maps Inform the road of its actions 5
6 Military applications Combat regiment in the field Perhaps objects in constant unpredictable motion Intercommunication of forces Proximity, function, plan of battle Special issues Low probability of detection Random association and topology 6
7 Basis of routing: Bellman-Ford-Moore proof In any graph there exists a spanning tree Ford (1956), Bellman (1958), Moore (1958) Spanning tree: A set of arcs which visits every node in a graph exactly once 7
8 Proof by construction Select one node in graph Place all arcs connected to that node in set of available choices Place all other nodes and arcs in set of unavailable choices Repeatedly select an arc from available choices If it leads to an unavailable node, Add that node and arc to the graph, Add all other arcs connecting to the new node to available choices Otherwise, discard the arc All nodes get included in the graph Some arcs may be left over 8
9 Issues in routing Selection of arcs (metrics and objectives) Characteristics of various interfaces Convergence Algorithms 9
10 Selection of arcs (metrics) Available bandwidth (traffic engineering) Link speed (shortest path) Often measured as duration of a bit, or duration of an operation Hop count or other administrative distance Might be power or S/N ratio for radio General policy (BGP) 10
11 Characteristics of various interfaces LAN: Many to many Frame Relay/ATM/MPLS: 1:many circuits Serial Lines: 1:1 Radio: 1:many with inconsistent sets Often unidirectional S/N ratio and distance affect connectivity 11
12 Convergence goals Ensuring routing consistency Algorithms vary by type of properties required Managing inconsistency The backbone is said to never actually converge Manet networks probably don t either 12
13 Common algorithms Exploration Network is explored to find possible routes Of which one is selected Example: IEEE Source Routing Bellman-Ford algorithm does this in a distributed manner Called "Distance Vector" these days Generates routes to a node from somewhere else Shortest Path First (Ford, CACM, 1968) does this in a database Djikstra applied to networks, 1972 Generates routes from a node to somewhere else 13
14 Specific issues in manet networks Dynamic Connections Constant change (motion) Random interconnection Radio Characteristics Unidirectional Links Varying S/N Ratio Overlapping connectivity 14
15 Overview of Proposals Reactive (on-demand) Protocols Overview of DSR Overview of AODV Proactive (pre-calculated) Protocols Overview of TBRPF Overview of OLSR 15
16 Dynamic Source Routing IEEE Source Routing in wireless networks 16
17 Target networks Targets networks in which Routing churn is high enough that maintaining routes is unproductive, and Can absorb a network wide broadcast rate Operates by saving routes in sender Sender lists nodes to traverse in source routing header Therefore not an IP protocol 17
18 Route Discovery A route between two nodes is found by sending an Route Request Route Request builds a source route on every path through the network First Route Request to arrive is accepted; target responds on that path and tells initiator what the source route is Source route is used on subsequent data traffic A H I J E B K F C Detected Source Route: (A, B, F, J, K) G D 18
19 Link reliability Passing source routes cached To know how to send routing error messages Network layer acknowledgements watched To ensure delivery To detect failed routing nodes After several retransmissions, Neighboring routing node declared dead Route Error sent to senders using the node Packets flushed 19
20 Route Maintenance When routing node/routing node link changes, existing source routes no longer work routing nodes respond to source routes with a Route Error, triggering a new route discovery routing nodes may attempt to change source route and reforward on a cached route H I J E B Route Error K F C G D A 20
21 Status of testing Simulations and some operational testing Testing shows some documented features in use of route cache don t work properly Ongoing research, seeking experimental status 21
22 Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector 22
23 Target networks Targets networks in which Routing churn is high enough that maintaining routes is unproductive, and Can absorb a network wide broadcast rate Modified on-demand Distance Vector routing 23
24 Messages Route Request: I need a route Route Response: Route advertisement Route Error: Withdraw route Periodic route response to neighbors acts as hello, installing and refreshing route 24
25 Route Discovery A route between two nodes is found by sending an Route Request to a locality Initial locality small, grows with failure After that, a little larger than the locality target last found in Route Response sent By target if necessary By neighboring routing node if possible to join existing route Network stores the route C j k l g h i d e f A B 25
26 Route Errors Routes expire if not refreshed routing nodes log recent downstream users of a route When routes expire or are flushed, downstream users are notified to flush New route request triggered C j k l g h i d e f A B 26
27 Status of testing Simulations and some operational testing Not perfect, but few major problems Ongoing research, seeking experimental status 27
28 Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding 28
29 Target networks Targets networks in which Routing churn is consistent with precalculated routes, and Capable of supporting fairly intelligent device Modified Shortest Path First routing Routing by need to know 29
30 Messages Hello Neighbor discovery and relationship maintenance Topology Update Distributes subset of interconnectivity information 30
31 Topology Update Distribution Topology information distributed to the set of systems that are deemed to need it. You need information about a routing node if your routing would use it Therefore every routing node effectively calculates all routes from all nodes for which it has information 31
32 Status of testing Simulations and some operational testing Boeing and SRI actively promoting Not all algorithms publicly documented Patent pending, raising IPR issues Not perfect Needs operational experience to debug Ongoing research, may seek experimental status 32
33 Optimized Link State Routing 33
34 Target networks Targets networks in which Routing churn is consistent with precalculated routes, and Capable of supporting fairly intelligent device Modified Shortest Path First routing Level 1/Level 2 routing distinction 34
35 Messages Hello Neighbor discovery and relationship maintenance Topology Update Distributes subset of interconnectivity information 35
36 Neighbor relationships Each device emits a periodic Hello Advertise itself to its neighbors Determine who else is there Select some systems to act as Multi-Point Relays 36
37 Multi-Point Relays Passes Topology Information Acts as router between hosts, in wired parlance Minimizes information retransmission Forms a routing backbone 37
38 Structure of an OLSR Network MPRs form routing backbone Other nodes act as hosts As devices move Topological relationships change Routes change Backbone shape and composition changes 38
39 Status of testing Simulations and some operational testing Inria in active research Not all algorithms publicly documented Not perfect Needs operational experience to debug Ongoing research, may seek experimental status 39
40 Status of research 40
41 Open problems Behavior of applications in manet networks TCP likely to not work well if loss leads to congestion avoidance ECN (RFC 3168) allows separation of the concepts Various other research proposals 41
42 Open problems in DSR Route Maintenance as specified results in problems in routing Man-in-the-middle issues Requires protocol number from IANA Small number space We don t give those to just anybody 42
43 Open problems in TBRPF High computational overhead High messaging overhead 43
44 Open problems in OLSR Selection and dynamic minimization of MPR set Operational testing of protocol 44
45 Open problems in AODV Protocol needs operational experience to discover further issues 45
46 Directions for manet working group Probably will take several protocols to experimental status RFC is an archive, not a standard Likely to standardize One reactive protocol One proactive protocol 46
47 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Fred Baker 47
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