Data Elevators Applying the Bundle Protocol in Delay Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

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1 Data Elevators Applying the Bundle Protocol in Delay Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, Felix Büsching, Georg von Zengen, Lars Wolf IEEE MASS 2012,

2 Motivation (a) (b) (d) (c) ZebraNet Vineyard Computing SeNDT Observation Delay Tolerance is widely used (and needed) in sensor network research Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 2

3 Common Requirements Measurement Periodic sampling of sensor values Networking Multi-hop data delivery Disrupted links, changing topologies Delay is not important, reliability is Hardware Long lifetime Minimal installation e ort Few maintenance cycles 9 = Store, carry and forward ;! Low-power! Wireless! Robust Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 3

4 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Wireless Sensor Networks Multi-hop wireless Battery powered Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on microcontrollers IEEE radios App. 16 kb RAM, app. 128 kb ROM Low-power hardware Storage (flash, SD,...) INGA T-Mote Sky Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 4

5 Outline Introduction Bundle Protocol in Delay Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks Data Elevator Application Scenario Capacity of Delay Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks Conclusion Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 5

6 Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Predominant WSN Protocols 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over low-power WPAN Contiki s and TinyOS proprietary protocols! Not delay tolerant (not store, carry and forward) Store, Carry and Forward Protocols ZebraNET (non-standardized) Vineyard Computing (non-standardized) Seal-2-Seal (non-standardized) Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050) Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 6

7 Benefits and Drawbacks of Standard Protocols Benefits Seamless integration Lower entry barrier Generic solutions Drawbacks Not optimized for use case Higher overhead Benefits of the Bundle Protocol Flexibility: Variable length header fields, extension blocks, etc. Overlay Protocol: Works on top of heterogeneous technologies Well suited: Designed for unstable links and changing topologies Q: Is the Bundle Protocol too heavy for nodes? Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 7

8 Bundle Protocol Overhead Comparison Contiki s RIME RIME 19 TCP / IPv6 UDP / 6LoWPAN TCP / 6LoWPAN BP / UDPCL / 6LoWPAN UDP / IPv IPv6 UDP 57 BP / TCPCL / 6LoWPAN IPv6 6LoWPAN UDP 6LoWPAN TCP 6LoWPAN UDP Bundle Protocol TCP 6LoWPAN TCP CL Bundle Protocol BP / IEEE CL Bundle Protocol Overhead [Bytes] IEEE maximum frame size is 127 bytes A: Protocol overhead is higher but manageable Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 8

9 Bundle Protocol Complexity Comparison Parsing of Incoming Data [us] LoWPAN HC06 / UDP Bundle Protocol CBHE Payload Length [bytes] SDNV Operations per Second Decode Encode Integer Size [bit] Run on INGA at 8 MHz A: Computational complexity is comparable Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 9

10 How can we implement the Bundle Protocol on nodes? Literature Bundle Protocol as overlay protocol over 6LoWPAN Our Approach on the Nodes: µdtn BP in IEEE data frames Cross-layer, avoiding layers 3 and 4 Implementation based on Contiki OS Our Approach on the PC IEEE radio attached to PC IBR-DTN software extension to handle radio Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 10

11 Data Elevator Application Scenario Opening Question How can we get temperature readings from the rooftop into our lab? Concept Node with sensor on rooftop Elevator is data mule Delay tolerant network Temperature Sensor Elevator: 1 st 14 th Floor Building A Building B #2 #3 #1 Rooftop 15 th Floor 14 th Floor Setup 1sensor,3relays,1sink µdtn with RAM storage #5 #4 3 rd Floor Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 11

12 Evaluation: Temperature and Delay (Weekend) 8 24 Bundle Delay [h] Temperature [Degree Celsius] Time of Day [h] Bundle Delay Temperature Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 12

13 Evaluation: Delay Distribution (Weekend) Number of Occurrences [%] >0-5 >50-55 >40-45 >30-35 >20-25 >10-15 >100 >90-95 >80-85 >70-75 >60-65 Bundle Delay Bins [m] Delay Distribution Accumulated Delay Distribution Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 13

14 DT-WSN Capacity Model Sender( Receiver( BundleRate i S Cap,Send S Send,i Storage(Capacity(( Bundles(in(Storage( S Cap,Recv S Recv,i Channel Capacity: Transmitted Bundles: Storage Sender: Storage Receiver: C i,j = Duration i BundleRate i T i = min(s Send,i, C i,j ) S Send,i = min(s Send,i 1 T i 1 + N i, S Cap,Send ) S Recv,i = min(s Recv,i 1 + T i, S Cap,Recv ) Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 14

15 Evaluation: Capacity Model Permanently Lost Bunldes [%] Sample Interval [s] Storage: 100 Bundles Storage: 300 Bundles Storage: 500 Bundles unlimited Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 15

16 Conclusions Protocols µdtn Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Standard protocols are generic solutions to common problems BP is de facto standard in DTNs and should be in DT-WSNs Bundle Protocol implementation for Contiki Overhead is comparable to 6LoWPAN Integration into existing DTNs via transparent gateway nodes Data Elevator Data is delivered with delay but without loss Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 16

17 Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 17

18 Evaluation: Temperature and Delay (Weekday) 8 24 Bundle Delay [h] Temperature [Degree Celsius] Time of Day [h] Bundle Delay Temperature Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 18

19 Evaluation: Delay Distribution (Weekday) Number of Occurrences [%] >0-5 >50-55 >40-45 >30-35 >20-25 >10-15 >100 >90-95 >80-85 >70-75 >60-65 Bundle Delay Bins [m] Delay Distribution Accumulated Delay Distribution Wolf-Bastian Pöttner Data Elevators 19

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