Location Awareness in Ad Hoc Wireless Mobile Neworks
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1 Location Awareness in Ad Hoc Wireless Mobile Neworks Lijuan Ai Wenyu Wang Yi Zhou 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall PART I INTRODUCTION TO MANET & LOCATION-AWARE COMPONENTS 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
2 Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) A mobile ad hoc network that consists of a set of mobile hosts that roam at will and communicate with one another. Different from traditional wireless networks Dynamic changing topology. No base-station support, no fixed routers. Multihop communication capability. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Figure 1. Typical MANET, a mobile ad hoc network consisting of a set of mobile hosts that roam at will and communicate with one another. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
3 MANET A mobile host has to work as a router and cooperate with other hosts to find routes and relay messages. Example applications of MANET are emergency search-and-rescue operations, meetings or conventions where users need to deploy networks immediately, without base stations or fixed network infrastructure 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Current research on MANET: Unicast. Collective communications. Quality-of-service routing. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
4 Unicast MANET finds a routing path from a source to destination host. Such protocols must deal with typical limitations of MANET, e.g.: High power consumption. Low bandwidth. High error rates. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Routing Protocols Proactive: constantly updates the routing table at each node to maintain a nearly global view on the network topology. Reactive: makes on-demand searches for a path, which can be less costly when host mobility is high. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
5 Proactive Routing Protocol Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV): Every host maintains a routing table. Each entry is marked with a sequence number which enables hosts to find the freshest route. Routing table updates are periodically transmitted throughout the network. Reacts slowly to mobility in large networks. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Reactive Routing Protocol Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV): An improvement on the DSDV algorithm. A source host initiates a path discovery process to locate the destination if it doesn t have a valid route to that destination. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
6 Reactive Routing Protocol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR): Route discovery similar to AODV. Routes maintained in route cache. Each packet carry full routing information. Overhead is potentially larger than AODV because AODV packet only contains the destination address and sequence number. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Reactive Routing Protocol Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP): A hybrid reactive/proactive protocol. Each host proactively maintains the topological information within its local neighborhood (routing zone). Reactively requires routes to destination beyond the routing zone. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
7 Collective Communication More than one destination, e.g. multicast. Flooding-based protocol: distributes the multicast message all around the network. Tree-based protocol: establishes a multicast tree among the multicast members that comprises a wireless network. The task of keeping the tree structure up-to-date is nontrivial! 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Quality-of of-service Routing Supports real-time applications such as audio and video communications. The protocol must establish a route that satisfies certain QoS constrains such as delays and bandwidth. A ticket-based approach avoids unwise blind flooding by using tickets to limit the number of route-searching packets. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
8 Location Awareness Each mobile host uses a positioning device to determine its current physical location. The geometric relationship among mobile hosts can be accurately described with the knowledge of their location information. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Location-Aware Components A Location-aware device uses an attached receiver to catch outside signal analyze and determine the current location. Outdoor positioning. GPS. Indoor positioning. Infrared sensors. Short-range radios. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
9 Global Positioning System (GPS): 24 satellites in six orbital planes operating in circular, 10,900-nautical-mile orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees in a 12-hour period. Satellites transmit navigation messages that contain their orbital elements, clocks, and statues which a receiver uses to determine its position and roaming velocity. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall GPS 3 satellites are required to determine the receiver s longitude and latitude. Adding a 4th can determine the receiver s altitude. Positioning accuracy in the 15-meter range. Drawback: satellite signals can be blocked. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
10 Infrared Sensors Infrared transmitters automatically sending their own Ids can be hang from various places on a building. A computing device with an infrared receiver uses these signals to determine its current position. Low cost and low power consumption. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Short-Range Radios Infrared signals are directional and can easily be blocked by intervening objects. Radio transmission is omnidirectional. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
11 PART II LOCATION-AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOLS 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Location-Aware Routing Protocols Purpose of a routing protocol Source Node > Shortest Path Destination Node Difficulties dynamically changing topology scarce wireless bandwidth tradeoff between routing and location information availability 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
12 Location-Aware Routing Protocols Approach in developing routing protocols Use extra location information provided by MHs Several routing-issue Optimizations Location-aided routing (LAR) Geographic distance routing (Gedir) Grid Zone-based two level routing 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Location-Aided Routing (LAR) Requesting a route in DSR, ZRP, AODV Initiate a route request packet waste a lot of bandwidth can initiate a broadcast storm Requesting a route in LAR Use selective flooding 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
13 Location-Aided Routing (LAR) Requiring a route from source S to destination D System defines a smaller forwarding zone that covers both S and D Forwarding zone seeks the smallest rectangle that can bound S s current location and D s possible location Carefully choosing the forwarding zone saves bandwidth. 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Location-Aided Routing (LAR) Figure 2. Forwarding zone optimizations confine the route-searching area: (a) rectangle, (b) bar W, fan, and (d) dual fan 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
14 Geographic Distance Routing (Gedir) Work in a connectionless mode Send data packets directly without establishing path a priori 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Geographic Distance Routing (Gedir) Several approaches X always picks as Y, the next host, the receiver that has the smallest angle from X to Y and to the destination X always picks as Y, the receiver closest to the destination Both approaches can lead to endless loop Second approach may create detour 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
15 Geographic Distance Routing (Gedir) First Approach 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Geographic Distance Routing (Gedir) Second Approach 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
16 Concept of Grid Partitioning the geographic area into several squares There is at most one MH selected as the grid s leader Grid leaders is responsible for performing routing Fully location-aware Scalability Grid 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Route discovery Eliminate redundant route request packets This filtering mechanism suitable for a crowded environment Packet relay Grid Grid ID represents a route, not a host ID Each entry in routing table records the next grid that will lead to the destination Stronger, more resilient route maintenance 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
17 Route maintenance Highly resilient to host mobility In other protocols, when an intermediate host in a route roams outside its neighbor s range, the route breaks Grid Leader election protocol Routing table handoff via broadcast 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Grid 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
18 Zone-based two-level routing Concept of two-level Peer - to - peer but hierarchical Geographic area is divided into zones Each MH knows its current position and thus zone ID Distributes link states throughout network Intrazone and interzone Propagation of any change in connectivity inside a zone is limited to within zone itself 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Zone-based two-level routing 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
19 Gateway Zone-based two-level routing MH connects to one or more hosts in other zones Local changes causes global flooding only if it changes interzone connectivity Routing Use information exchange and routing tables Search for a route 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Three issues for a manet routing protocol Route discovery Packet relay Route maintenance Protocol Comparison Categories Non-location aware Partially location aware Fully location aware 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
20 Protocol Comparison 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall PART III LOCATION-AWARE SERVICES & CONCLUSION 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
21 Location-Aware Services Navigation/ Position identification Geographic messaging/ advertising Neighbor-and-service discovery 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Location-Aware Services Protocols to provide geographic services Geocast Geogrid Geotora LAR unicast Grid TORA 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
22 Geocast Differs from traditional multicast multicast group vs. geographic region Uses two approaches Forwarding Zone Distance to the center of geocast region 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Geogrid Differs from traditional multicast multicast group vs. geographic region Uses two approaches Forwarding Zone Distance to the center of geocast region 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
23 Geotora Derives from TORA Uses modified DAG created in TORA Requires two-phase geocasting inside/outside geocast region 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall DAG and TORA Directed Acyclic Graph graph/directed link/height/sink Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm creates a route by using DAG 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
24 Two DAGs 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Geotora Derives from TORA Uses modified DAG created in TORA Requires two-phase geocasting inside/outside geocast region 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
25 Geogrid vs. Geotora Geogrid connectionless forwarding zone plus grid leader prohibition Geotora connection oriented costly if mobility is high worthwhile if sending large amount of data 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Location-aware aware Tour Guide GPS receiver connected to a laptop Software part implemented by Java 2D map 3D virtual world Web page information Interact with other guide users 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
26 Interface of the tour-guide system 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall Conclusion Location information is natural and inevitable to be exploited Challenges positioning accuracy mapping location to web data 11/14/2001 Mobile Computing, Fall
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