Osvedčené postupy testovania sietí Metro Ethernet I.

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1 Osvedčené postupy testovania sietí Metro Ethernet I. December 2017 Libor Sigmund, DoTest.sk s.r.o.

2 #1 VIDITEĽNOSŤ Od začiatku po koniec Riešenie problémov služieb Riešenie problémov Výstavba Cyklus Metro sietí Testovanie a certifikácia optických sietí Aktivácia Výstavba a oživenie Core sietí Zabezpečenie Overovanie a monitoring služieb Aktivácia eternetovej služby 2

3 #2 VIDITEĽNOSŤ Koniec-Koniec Chrbticová IP sieť alebo MSC Metro sieť Prístupová sieť Rezidenčné a podnikové siete Internet / PSTN SAN Backhaul Mobilné siete Podniky SAN Účastnícke siete SAN Video/ Content Server xdsl Eternet POT HFC Dátové centrá Podniky 3

4 #3 VIDITEĽNOSŤ Zdola - hore HTTP, FTP, , Sharepoint, WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube, VoIP, IP Video, atď. TCP IP Eternet Priepustnosť podľa skúseností užívateľa RFC 6349 TrueSpeed TM Priepustnosť siete RFC 2544, Y.1564, L2CP Fyzická meranie paramterov optických a metalických sietí Od fyzickej po aplikačnú vrstvu 4

5 Osvedčené postupy pri aktivácii služieb S ktorými úlohami sa stretávajú technici počas inštalácií a opráv? Stále overovať SLA od zákaznika ku zákazníkovi Nastaviť základnú prevádzku okruhov Okamžite preveriť a opraviť sťažnosť (ticket), keď sa vysktyne Testovať rýchlo, efektívne a úplne Vývoj najlepších postupov Automatizované testy scenáre Opakovateľné činnosti Komplexné informácie Zrozumiteľné vyjadrenie výsledku testu (pass/fail) Výber správnych meracích zariadení, ktoré používajú osvedčené postupy pre_potreby inštalácie, kontroly a údržby 5

6 Kvalita poskytovanej služby (QoS) Užívateľ má len tri priania Existujú tri požiadavky na poskytovanú kvalitu služieb: 1. Preniesť určité množstvo dát 2. Preniesť tieto dáta v určitom čase 3. Preniesť tieto dáta bez prekročenia stanoveného počtu chýb (chybovosti) Ak sieť dokáže zaručiť tieto požiadavky, dokáže splniť stanovenú kvalitu poskytovanej služby (QoS) Cieľom je dodať kvalitnú službu užívateľovi QoS - z jedného konca na druhý Koho je to chyba?! Sieť Iný úžívateľ / Poskytovateľ obsahu Domáci užívateľ / Firma 6

7 Čo ovplyvňuje kvalitu služby prenášanú eternetom? Štyri zložky: Straty Priepustnosť Oneskorenie (koniec-koniec) Oneskorenie jittera Toto prichádza SIEŤ Toto odchádza t out čas Takto dlho to trvá t in 7

8 Priepustnosť (Throughput) Ako veľa za jednotku času? Prepínanie Prepínanie Switch Router Prepínanie Switch Router Rýchlosť spojenia Terminály Transportný protokol 8

9 Priepustnosť (Throughput) Demo 1 Užívateľ 1 Užívateľ 2 Konfigurácia testu: Linka Eternet 100Base-T (100 Mbps), L3, Termination Termination, Veľkosť rámca 64 B, Konštantná šírka pásma 100% Otázka: Aká bude skutočná bitová rýchlosť? Koľko dát (bitov) za čas (sekundu) prenesieme? 9

10 Priepustnosť Generovanie prevádzky Až do 100 % využiteľnosti Až do 100 % využiteľnosti Až do 100 % využiteľnosti 100% využiteľnosti Konštantná Čas Zhluková Čas Stupňovanie Čas Záplava Čas Generujte prevádzku až po celkovú dostupnú šírku pásma. Stresujte okruh v rôznych režimoch - Constant, Bursty, Ramp a Flood. Zaslučkujte druhý koniec a začnite generovať prevádzku Overte, že nemáte chyby ani stratené rámce Ak sa objavia (chyby alebo straty), zmeňte nastavenie na stupňované, aby ste zistili limity okruhu Zaťažujte až po 100% využiteľnosti; príp. nastavte max. využiteľnosť (Flood záplava) * 10

11 Demo 1 - Namerané výsledky 11

12 Demo 1 - Namerané výsledky 12

13 Od.Zač.R. Dĺžka/Typ Rýchlosť linky a Eternetový rámec Preambula Cieľ.adr. Zdroj.adr Informácie (dáta v 64 B rámci) FCS Medzera 8 B 64 B 12 B 84 B Pozn.: DIX rámce, bez VLAN, pre IPv4 13

14 Od.Zač.R. Dĺžka/Typ Rýchlosť linky a Eternetový rámec Preambula Cieľ.adr. Zdroj.adr IP záhlavie Informácie (dáta v 64 B rámci) TCP / UDP FCS Medzera 8 B 64 rýchlosť B L4 12 B rýchlosť L3 84 B rýchlosť L2 rýchlosť L1 Pozn.: DIX rámce, bez VLAN, pre IPv4 14

15 Od.Zač.R. Dĺžka/Typ Rýchlosť linky a Eternetový rámec Preambula Cieľ.adr. Zdroj.adr IP záhlavie Informácie (dáta v 64 B rámci) = IP paket veľkosti 46 B FCS Medzera 8 B 64 B 12 B rýchlosť L1 rýchlosť L2 rýchlosť L3 84 B Kalkulácia pre 64 B ethernetový rámec 100 Mbps : (84 x 8) = rámcov/s f/s x 64 x 8 = 76,19 Mbps f/s x 46 x 8 = 54,76 Mbps f/s x 26 x 8 = 30,95 Mbps (záhlavie TCP má B) 100 Mbps na fyzickej vrstve zodpovedá 76,2 Mbps na L2 vrstve (eternet) 54,8 Mbps na IP vrstve Pozn.: DIX rámce, bez VLAN, pre IPv4 15

16 Priepustnosť (Throughput) Demo 1 b) Užívateľ 1 Užívateľ 2 Čo sa stane, keď zmeníme veľkosť eternetového rámca na_max. veľkosť (bez VLAN) B? Konfigurácia testu: Linka Eternet 100Base-T (100 Mbps), L3, Termination Termination Veľkosť rámca B, Konštantná šírka pásma 100% Otázka: Aká bude bitová rýchlosť pre jednotlivé vrstvy OSI modelu (L1 až L3)? 16

17 Namerané výsledky s B rámcom 17

18 Rýchlosť linky s B rámcom Kalkulácia pre B ethernetový rámec K veľkosti (L2) opäť pripočítame preambulu (8 B) a medzeru (12 B), spolu 20 B = B 100 Mbps : (1 538 x 8) = f/s f/s x x 8 = 98,69 Mbps f/s x 1500 x 8 = 97,52 Mbps 100 Mbps na fyzickej vrstve pre eternetový rámec veľkosti B zodpovedá 98,7 Mbps na L2 vrstve (eternet) 97,5 Mbps na IP vrstve Pozn.: DIX rámce, bez VLAN, pre IPv4 64 B eternetový rámec B eternetový rámec 18

19 Priepustnosť 99% Zapríčinené kvôli rozdielnym hodinám! Pri Store & Forward nebolo počítané s centrálnym časovým zdrojom (hodinami) Eternetové porty generujú vysielacie hodiny so svojim vnútorným oscilátorom Špecifikácia IEEE dovoľuje toleranciu hodín až +/- 100 ppm Minimálna rýchlosť rámcov / sekundu Nominálna rýchlosť rámcov / sekundu Maximálna rýchlosť rámcov / sekundu TX RX +100 ppm -100 ppm RX TX f/s TX RX f/s RX TX f/s f/s = 298 strata rámcov /s Priepustnosť = 99,98 % Príklad: 1 GE /64 Byte 19

20 Porovnanie technológií TDM versus Ethernet TDM/SDH Synchrónny Eternet Asynchrónny +/- 100 ppm +/- 100 ppm +/- 4 ppm OC-12 Okruh +/- 100 ppm Ako teda dosiahnuť 100% priepustnosť? 20

21 Generovanie záplavy (Flood Mode) Demo 2 Užívateľ 1 Užívateľ 2 Konfigurácia testu: Linka Eternet 100Base-T (100 Mbps), L3, Termination Termination, Veľkosť rámca 64 B Flood mode 100% 21

22 Oneskorenie (Delay, Latency) Čo spôsobuje oneskorenie? Prepínanie Prepínanie Switch Router Prepínanie Switch Router Oneskorenie signálu Rýchlosť okruhu Plus treba vziať do úvahy prepínaciu a prenosovú kapacitu generovanej záťaže. 22

23 Oneskorenie (Delay, Latency) Oneskorenie Latencia (Latency) Oneskorenie zariadenia Oneskorenie okruhu (siete) DUT Device under Test A NUT Network under Test B Oneskorenie v slučke obojsmerné oneskorenie (Round Trip Delay, RTD) 23

24 Oneskorenie: Čo spôsobuje spomaľovanie vo switch-i? Paketovo orientované nie je rovnaké ako prepínanie linky Načítanie (store) IN 1 Karta prepínača (switch-u) OUT 3 IN 2 OUT 4 Odposlanie (forward) 2. FIFO 3. Prepínací proces 4. FIFO Rýchlosť/ Veľkosť Veľkosť Výkonnosť Veľkosť Rýchlosť/ Veľkosť 24

25 Oneskorenie Demo 3 Variant 3a Konfigurácia testu: Linka FastEthernet 100Mbps opt., L2, Termination, Veľkosť rámca B, Konštantná šírka pásma 100% Dôležité: Payload Analysis ON MTS

26 Oneskorenie Demo 3 Variant 3b 3a MTS-6000 MTS-5822 Konfigurácia testu: Linka FastEthernet 100Mbps opt., L2, Termination, Veľkosť rámca B, Konštantná šírka pásma 100% Dôležité: Payload Analysis ON Otázky: Ako ovplyvní oneskorenie vloženie zariadenia do cesty? Čo sa stane, ak zmeníme veľkosť rámca na 64 B? Store&Forward zaberie čas: na 100M linke 1500 B rámec = 0,12ms 26

27 Rýchlosť linky = Oneskorenie Čím je rýchlejšia linka, tým sa rýchlejšie prepínajú pakety 10MBit 1500 Bytes 1,2 ms 1500 Bytes 100MBit 1500 Bytes 0,12 ms 1500 Bytes 1GBit 1500 Bytes 12 s 1500 Bytes Čas potrebný na prenos a načítanie, bez oneskorenia signálu načítanie odposlanie TX RX RX TX TX RX RX TX 27

28 Použitie: VoIP plánovanie rozpočtu oneskorenia WAN VPN Kódek /Codec Radenie/ Queuing Sériovosť Šírenie a sieť Jitter Buffer G.729A 25ms Premenlivé Premenlivé Fixná (6,2 µs/km) + Sieť - Premenlivé ms Oneskorenie Koniec-koniec musí byť *150ms *ITU-T G

29 Blokovanie => Oneskorenie jittera (Delay jitter) Rýchlejší víťazí v prípade preťaženia na výstupe 29

30 Blokovanie a zhluky => Oneskorenie jittera FIFO Dostať sa cez zásobník (buffer) môže chvíľu trvať IN 1 Delay jitter Zápcha IN 2 Blokovanie 30

31 Granulácia = Delay jitter Konštantá šírka pásma => konštantné odstupy Ideálne Realita Maximálna veľkosť paketov je príliš veľká. Vytvára hrubú granuláciu Lepšie Maximálna veľkosť paketov menšia. Vytvára jemnejšiu granuláciu 31

32 Vyššia bitová rýchlosť => znižuje Delay jitter Vyššia bitová rýchlosť pomáha s oneskorením jitteru 32

33 Použitie: Výsledok oneskorovania rámcov pre IPTV 1) Video tok (stream) Oneskorenie medzi rámcami (Inter Frame Delay, IFD) je OK 2-4 ms STB buffer Bit. rýchlosť videa napr. 3 Mbps 3 Mbps 2) Tok s vysokým IFD Inter Frame Delay > 10 ms MPEG Dekóder TV Nedostatočná zásoba v bufferi 3) Tok s nízkym IFD Inter Frame Delay < 2ms Preplnený buffer Vyraďovanie paketov čas na získanie 7x paketov MPEG (= 1 IP rámec): T 7p [ms] = 10,5 / rýchlosť stream-u [Mbps] T 7p@3Mbps = 3,5 ms Paket MPEG : 188 Bytov Rámec Ethernet-u: 7x paket MPEG-u 33

34 Strata rámcov (Frame Loss) Kde sa objavujú straty? Prepínanie Prepínanie Switch Router Prepínanie Switch Router Prenosové spojenia Ukončovacie zariadenia 34

35 Strata rámcov: Kde sa objavujú straty? Chybné plánovanie prevádzky a slabá výkonosť Zdroj nepriechodnosti: Nedostatočná šírka pásma Zápcha IN 1 Zápcha Karta prepínača (switch-u) Zápcha OUT 3 IN 2 OUT 4 Zápcha Zápcha 35

36 Strata rámcov: Kde sa objavujú straty? (2) Chybné plánovanie prevádzky a slabá výkonosť Zdroj nepriechodnosti: Nedostatočná kapacita prepínača (switch-u) Zápcha IN 1 Zápcha Switching fabric Backplane OUT 3 IN 2 Zápcha (slabý výkon) OUT 4 Zápcha Zápcha Malé pakety znižujú výkon prepínača 36

37 Použitie: Strata paketov vo VoIP a PLC Strata paketov spôsobuje rušenie hlasu a preskakovanie Dva a viac nasledujúcich paketov majú zá následok zaznamenateľnú degradáciu Súvisiace so stratou paketov, vyraďovaním paketov a paketov mimo poradia Náhrada stratených paketov (Packet Loss Concealment, PLC) LAN Strata paketov pakety, ktoré nie sú doručené do cieľa Router 3 pakety na vstupe 2 pakety na výstupe WAN LAN Pakety mimo poradia (Out of sequence, OoS) pakety, ktoré nie sú doručené v správnom poradí V pradí Router Mimo poradia WAN 37

38 Použitie: IPTV strata IP paketov a kvalita zážitku (QoE) Strata paketov Ovplyvnenie 3,75 Mbps stream-u: strata B paketu vs. I paketu Jeden stratený IP paket B-rámec (ovplyvnený 1 rámec) Jeden stratený IP paket I-rámec (ovplyvnených 14 rámcov) QoE - Quality of Experience = kvalita vyplývajúca zo skúsenosti používateľa 38

39 Application Highlight - Dual Port Testing Priebežný testovací režim (Through mode) Priebežný testovací mód je pre poskytovateľov služieb nevyhnutný pre_testovanie za prevádzky a následne riešenie problémov, v teréne Priebežný režim sa používa na segmentáciu siete, izolovanie zdrojov chýb, rieši_nezhody medzi dodávateľmi Jadrová sieť Rozhranie Poskytovateľa služby Slučka na rozhraní Poskytovateľa KTZ Koncové telekomunikačné zariadenie (CPE) Chyby/chybovosť spôsobuje sieť iného dodávateľa! 39

40 Značka VLAN (IEEE 802.1q), priorita užívateľa (IEEE 802.1p) Technológia 2 vrstvy (L 2,5) 802.1q značka (tag) VLAN = VLAN-ID 802.1p pole priority užívateľa VLAN Dôvody: smerovanie prevádzky a prioritizácia Metóda: 2 Bajty (0x8100) v poli Typ + 2 Bajty ako Q-TAG Veľkosť rámca + 4 Byte: 68 až 1522 B Rámec: B Cieľová adresa Zdrojová Ethernet TPID adresa TCI Variante Typ II Frame Informácie Výplň FCS 0x8100 TPID: TCI: TR-Bit: CoS: VID: Tag-Protocol-Identifier Tag-Control-Inform. Field Indication f. Token Ring Encaps. Class of Service VLAN Identification Priority 3 bit, CoS TR-Bit 1 bit VLAN Identifier (VID) 12 bit Test an Measurement Solutions 40

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