Internet Architecture & Performance. What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view
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1 Internet Architecture & Performance Internet, Connection, Protocols, Performance measurements What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end systems pc s workstations, servers PDA s phones, toasters running network apps communication links fiber, copper, radio, satellite routers: forward packets (chunks) of data thru network router server local ISP company network workstation mobile regional ISP
2 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view protocols: control sending, receiving of messages e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP Internet: network of networks loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force router server local ISP company network workstation mobile regional ISP Hierarchical structure Tier 1 Tier 2
3 What s the Internet: a service view communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: WWW, , games, e commerce, database., voting, more? communication services provided: connectionless connection oriented What s a protocol? human protocols: what s the time? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken whenmsgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
4 A closer look at network structure: network edge: applications and hosts network core: routers network of networks access networks, physical media: communication links The network edge: end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g., WWW, at edge of network client/server model client host requests, receives service from server e.g., WWW client (browser)/ server; client/server peer peer model: host interaction symmetric e.g.: teleconferencing
5 Network edge: connection oriented service Goal: data transfer bt between end sys. handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts TCP Transmission Control Protocol Internet s connectionoriented service TCP service [RFC 793] reliable, in order bt byte stream t data transfer loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions flow control: sender won t overwhelm receiver congestion control: senders slow down sending rate when network congested Network edge: connectionless service Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before! UDP User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: Internet s connectionless service unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control App s using TCP: HTTP (WWW), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP ( ) App s using UDP: streaming media, teleconferencing, Internet telephony
6 The Network Core mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks Network Core: Circuit Switching End end resources reserved for call link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit like (guaranteed) performance call setup required
7 Network Core: Circuit Switching network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) dividing link bandwidth into pieces frequency division time division suppose 8000 frames/s with 8bits slots how much BW per connection? Network Core: Packet Switching each end end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed, Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time transmit over link wait turn at next link
8 Network Core: Packet Switching A 10 Mbs Ethernet statistical multiplexing C B queue of packets waiting for output link 1.5 Mbs 45 Mbs D Packet switching versus circuit switching: human restaurant analogy other human analogies? E Network Core: Packet Switching Packet switching: store and forward behavior
9 Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use network! 1 Mbit link each user: 100Kbps when active active 10% of time circuit switching: 10 users packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active less that.004 N users 1 Mbps link Packet switching versus circuit switching Is packet switching a slam dunk winner? Great for bursty data resource sharing no call setup Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an open problem
10 Packet switched networks: routing Goal: move packets among routers from source to destination we ll study several path selection algorithms (chapter 4) datagram network: destination address determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions virtual circuit network: each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru call routers maintain per call state virtual circuits
11 virtual circuits 5 link 1 vci 5 link 2 vci 9 link 3 vci 9 link 5 vci 7 link 1 vci 7 link 3 vci 8 virtual circuits link 1 vci 5 link 2 vci 9 link 3 vci 9 link 5 vci 7 link 1 vci 7 link 3 vci 8
12 Delay in packet switched networks packets experience delay on end to end path foursources of delay at each hop A transmission nodal processing: check bit errors determine outputlink queueing propagation time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router B nodal processing queueing Delay in packet switched networks Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s A transmission Note: s and R are very different quantities! propagation B nodal processing queueing
13 Queueing delay (revisited) R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R L/R La/R ~ 0: average queuing delay dl small La/R > 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!
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