Dynamic Bandwidth Provisioning with Fairness and Revenue Considerations for Broadband Wireless Communication
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1 Ths full text paper was peer revewed at the drecton of IEEE Communcatons Socety subject matter experts for publcaton n the ICC 008 proceedngs. Dynamc Bandwdth Provsonng wth Farness and Revenue Consderatons for Broadband Wreless Communcaton Bader Al-Manthar, Najah Abu Al, Ndal Nasser, Hossam Hassanen Telecommuncatons Research Laboratory School of Computng, Queen s Unversty ngston, ON, Canada 7L N6 {manthar, hossam}@cs.queensu.ca College of Informaton Technology UAE Unversty, Al-An P.O. 7555, UAE najah@uaeu.ac.ae Department of Computng & Informaton Scence Unversty of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada NG W nasser@cs.uoguelph.ca Abstract The success of emergng wreless broadband communcaton systems such as.5g wreless cellular systems and 80.6 broadband wreless systems (WMAX) wll depend, among other factors, on ther ablty to manage ther shared wreless resources n the most effcent way. Ths s a complex task due to the heterogeneous nature and, hence, dverse bandwdth urements of applcatons that these communcaton systems support and the relance on hgh speed shared channels for data delvery nstead of dedcated ones. Therefore, bandwdth provsonng s crucal for the success of such communcaton systems. In ths paper, we propose a novel dynamc bandwdth provsonng scheme for broadband wreless communcaton. The proposed scheme spans multple tme slots/frames and optmally allocates them to the dfferent classes of traffc dependng on ther weghts, the real-tme bandwdth urements of ther connectons, ther channel qualty condtons and the expected obtaned revenues. Smulaton results are provded to show the potental and effectveness of our scheme. eywords - Bandwdth provsonng; farness; opportunty cost. I. INTRODUCTION Emergng wreless broadband communcaton systems such as Hgh Speed Downlnk Packet Access (HSDPA) [] and 80.6 broadband wreless access systems (WMAX) [], pose a myrad of new opportuntes for leveragng the support of a wde range of multmeda applcatons that have dfferent bandwdth urements. Ths s due to the hgh data rates that are supported by these systems whch were only avalable to wrelne users. To mze ther effcency and reduce the cost of data delvery, these systems utlze hgh speed downlnk channels that are shared among moble connectons through packet schedulng. Packet schedulng s one of the most mportant components of resource management that affects system capacty and potental bandwdth allocated to moble connectons. A centralzed downlnk packet scheduler s mplemented at the base statons of broadband wreless communcaton systems to control the allocaton of the downlnk shared channels to the moble connectons by decdng whch of them should transmt durng a gven tme slot/frame. Therefore, packet schedulng can be thought of as a short-term resource sharng scheme snce t only checks the current tme frame to make ts decson. However, to enhance the schedulng performance and satsfy the bandwdth urements of dfferent applcatons n broadband wreless systems, packet schedulng must be coupled wth a long-term resource sharng or bandwdth provsonng scheme to span multple tme frames and decde how resources are shared among the dfferent traffc classes and, hence, ther correspondng connectons. The bandwdth provsonng scheme must dvde the bandwdth or the correspondng tme frames between dfferent classes of traffc n an effcent, prortzed and far way. Thus, the scheme works as a long-term nter-class selecton algorthm. Most of the work on bandwdth provsonng has been done at the admsson level [,, 5, 6, 7], where these schemes mplement the call admsson control functon (CAC) and am at reducng the call blockng and droppng probabltes whle satsfyng the bandwdth urements of dfferent QoS classes. There s a need, however, for bandwdth provsonng at the frame level. Ths s due to the varyng bandwdth urements of moble connectons durng ther calls as a result of ther traffc burstness and also due to ther varyng channel qualty condtons, whch affect the capacty of the base staton and, hence, the amount of bandwdth that t can sustan to each one of them. Few works, have consdered the problem of bandwdth provsonng at the frame level [8, 9, 0]. Nevertheless, none of whch has consdered the varyng channel qualty condtons of moble connectons. Hence, they cannot acheve optmzed bandwdth provsonng. In ths paper, we propose a dynamc bandwdth provsonng scheme for future broadband wreless systems. Our proposed scheme s desgned to accommodate mult-class traffc wth multple connectons havng dfferent bandwdth urements and varyng channel qualty condtons. The man objectve of our scheme s to optmally allocate bandwdth or the correspondng tme frames for each class of traffc n order to satsfy the bandwdth urements of ther Ths research s supported by the government of the Sultanate of Oman, Natural Scences and Engneerng Research Councl of Canada and by a grant from Bell Unversty Labs /08/$ IEEE 08
2 Ths full text paper was peer revewed at the drecton of IEEE Communcatons Socety subject matter experts for publcaton n the ICC 008 proceedngs. connectons. In addton, the proposed scheme unquely ncorporates and bounds the cost (n terms of revenue loss) of bandwdth provsonng through an opportunty cost functon. Ths provdes greater flexblty to servce provders to determne the levels of bandwdth provsonng to dfferent traffc classes that wll guarantee a certan level of revenues. The rest of ths paper s organzed as follows. Secton II provdes an overvew of the proposed scheme. Secton III presents a descrpton of the proposed scheme. Performance results are presented n Secton IV. Fnally, conclusons and future work are dscussed n Secton V. II. OVERVIEW OF DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH PROVISIONING SCHEME In ths secton, we provde an overvew of our proposed dynamc bandwdth provsonng scheme. We assume that there are classes of traffc, where class has hgher prorty than class +, and +. We consder that connectons wthn the same class may have dfferent bandwdth urements dependng on the type of applcatons they are runnng. Suppose that the servce provder wants to provson SL tme frames between the classes of traffc to satsfy ther long-term bandwdth urements. We assume that SL s gven. The proposed dynamc bandwdth provsonng scheme works as follows. At tme t (where t s the begnnng of SL frames), the dynamc bandwdth provsonng scheme wll partton the next SL frames among the classes of traffc based on the bandwdth urements of ther connectons, ther weghts, ther channel qualty condtons and the expected revenues. It should be noted that the parttoned frames can be assgned to connectons of each class n any order. For example, connectons may be served based on the delay or packet loss urements of the traffc classes. In ths paper, however, the frames of the class wth the hghest prorty are served frst, then those of the class of the second hghest prorty, and so on. Once each class s assgned a number of frames, these frames wll be dstrbuted to connectons wthn each class accordng to the packet schedulng scheme whch s executed every tme frame. The servce provder may utlze any exstng packet schedulng scheme for dstrbutng the parttoned frames among connectons as our bandwdth provsonng scheme s ndependent of the schedulng algorthm beng utlzed. Fgure shows an abstract tmelne data flow chart of the proposed dynamc bandwdth provsonng scheme. Fgure. Dynamc Bandwdth Provsonng III. DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH PROVISIONING Before proceedng wth descrbng the proposed bandwdth provsonng scheme, we make the followng defntons. Let: N : number of connectons n class. N = N, total number of connectons n the system. = S : mum ured bandwdth of connecton j of j class, j =,..., N. mn S : mnmum ured bandwdth of connecton j of class j, j =,..., N. SL : number of frames assgned to class. R () t : effectve average estmated data rate (per second) that the base staton can transmt to connectons of class durng the next SL frames. Ths data rate wll depend on the estmated nstantaneous channel qualty condtons of the connectons. R () t can be computed usng a movng average (.e., R () t = α R ( t ) + ( α) R () t ) or usng channel predcton schemes proposed n [], [] and []. c : charge per bt for connecton j of class. j B : total ured mum bandwdth per frame of all connectons n class at the begnnng of the SL frames. Let N j= S j = the total ured bandwdth per second of all connectons n class, and let D be the frame duraton n frame N second, then B = S j // D frame. B determnes j = how much the ured transmsson rate base staton should be sendng at per frame n the next SL frames n order to satsfy the connectons of class. mn B : total ured mnmum bandwdth per frame of all connectons n class at the begnnng of the SL frames. Therefore, N mn mn // j frame. j= B S D B (( R ( t)/(/ D )) frame ) = = : actual (.e. effectve) total transmtted bt rate per frame for connectons n class. That s, B determnes the actual transmsson rate per frame of the base staton n the next SL frames for the connectons of class. Re v : total mum revenue per frame of connectons n class at the begnnng of the SL frames. Therefore, N Re v = ( // ) c S D j j frame. That s, Re v = 09
3 Ths full text paper was peer revewed at the drecton of IEEE Communcatons Socety subject matter experts for publcaton n the ICC 008 proceedngs. determnes the revenue of the servce provder per frame n the next SL frames f t grants all the connectons n class ther mum ured data rates. Therefore, SL* Re v s the upper bound of the total revenue of the servce provder durng the SL frames. N Re v = ( ( ) // ) c R t D j frame : actual (.e. effectve) = total revenue per frame actually generated from servng all connectons of class. Therefore, SL * Re v s the actual total revenue that the servce provder attans from servng all connectons of class provded that class s assgned SL frames. Rev= {Re v } = : ordered set of the actual effectve total revenue per frame for the classes n descendng order. To satsfy all connectons, the base staton should assgn SL* B bandwdth per SL frames. However, ths may not be possble n practce due to the hgh demand of applcatons that have hgh bandwdth urements and also due to the lmtatons of the base staton s capacty, whch s determned by the channel qualty condtons of the moble connectons. Therefore, the man objectve of our bandwdth provsonng scheme s to dvde the SL frames between the classes of traffc such that SL = SL and the satsfacton of dfferent = classes of traffc s mzed. To do so, our bandwdth provsonng scheme wll dvde the SL frames between the SL * B classes of traffc such that t mzes (.e., the SL * B rato between the uested bandwdth of class connectons gven that SL frames are assgned to class to the bandwdth that the base staton should transmt at durng SL frames to satsfy the mum bandwdth urements of class ). The frames assgned to class (.e., SL ) should guarantee that no class of traffc s assgned less than ts mnmum ured mn bandwdth (.e., SL * B SL * B ) or assgned more than ts mum ured bandwdth (.e., SL * B SL * B ). In addton, t s mportant to realze there s an opportunty cost of frame assgnment. The opportunty cost (n terms of revenue) of frame assgnment s the mum revenue that the servce provder wll get f t serves the hghest revenue generatng classes mnus the revenue that t would get by assgnng the frames otherwse. To compute the mum revenue that the servce provder could get n the next SL The opportunty cost for a good s defned as the value of any other goods or servces that a person must gve up n order to produce or get that good []. frames, we frst need to know the number of frames needed for each class n order to acheve ts mum ured SL * B bandwdth (.e., SL * B = SL * B ). Hence, SL =. B Therefore, the mum revenue, Max Rev, s equal to Max Re v = SL Re v, SL SL = = () That s, the mum revenue s obtaned, by assgnng the frames to the class wth the hghest actual revenue. If ths class can be served by less number of frames than SL frames, the avalable frames are assgned to the class wth the second hghest actual revenue and so on. Therefore, the opportunty cost ( OC( SL ) ) of the frames assgnment s equal to OC( SL) = Max Re v SL Re v () = Ths should be less than or equal to a predefned value H. For example, the servce provder could restrct the revenue loss to be no more than 50% of the mum obtanable revenue (.e., H = Max Re v where = 0.5 ). To summarze, n our bandwdth provsonng scheme, the followng optmzaton problem wll be solved: SL * B Objectve: w SL, = SL * B Subject to: SL = SL, =, and mn * * * SL B SL B SL B OC( SL) H () where w s a weght assgned to class to gve t prorty over class + n the frame assgnment process. Therefore, the weghts n our bandwdth provsonng scheme can be used to determne the approprate level of nter-class farness (.e., farness between dfferent classes) accordng to the urements of the servce provders. Snce the objectve functon and the constrants are lnear, our bandwdth provsonng scheme could be solved usng Lnear Programmng (LP) technques. The proposed bandwdth provsonng scheme s adaptve to the varyng urements of dfferent classes snce the objectve functon s evaluated every SL frames and, therefore, f the ured bandwdth (or frames) for class changes durng the current frames (due to new admtted connectons and completed ones or bandwdth adaptve uests as t s the case n WMAX), ts new total ured bandwdth wll be reflected n the next SL frames. 00
4 Ths full text paper was peer revewed at the drecton of IEEE Communcatons Socety subject matter experts for publcaton n the ICC 008 proceedngs. IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION In ths secton, we evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme by means of dynamc dscrete event smulaton. We tested our scheme on Hgh-Speed Downlnk Packet Access (HSDPA) system. HSDPA s a.5g wreless system that has been ntroduced by the rd Generaton Partnershp Project (GPP) as an extenson to the G cellular system Unversal Moble Telecommuncaton System (UMTS) []. A. Smulaton Model For smplcty, we smulated one-cell and gnored handoffs. The base staton s located at the center of the cell. Therefore, only one base staton s nvolved n allocatng the rado resources. The cell radus s m and the base staton s transmsson power s 8 dbm. Four classes of traffc are consdered (.e. =). For demonstraton purposes, we assume that connectons wthn each class uest a bandwdth of 8 bps and there are 0 connectons n each class. We also assume that c j =,, and unts of money for connectons of classes,,, and, respectvely. These values are chosen such that connectons of hgher prorty classes are charged more than those of lower prorty classes. Packets for connectons are generated as a Posson process wth a mean value of 0.5 s. The packet sze s fxed at 000 bytes. The call duraton of each connecton s modeled by an exponental dstrbuton wth a mean value of 0 s. Connectons are unformly dstrbuted n the cell. We choose SL=0 tme frames (.e. 0 x ms) and we use a movng average to compute R () t (.e., R () t = α R ( t ) + ( α) R () t ). We adopt the same channel model as n [5]. The smulaton tme step s one tme frame, whch s ms (.e., the tme frame of HSDPA []), and the smulaton tme s 00 s. Other smulaton parameters are lsted n Table I. TABLE I SIMULATION PARAMETER S Smulaton tme 00s Base Staton Transmsson power 8 dbm Antenna gan 7 db Base Staton buffer sze 0 MB Shadowng Lognormal dstrbuton Intra-cell nterference 0 dbm Inter-cell nterference -70 dbm α B. Performance Metrcs To demonstrate the ablty of our scheme to satsfy the dynamc bandwdth urements of dfferent classes and acheve nter-class farness, t suffces to show the: Average utlty ( U ): the average of the receved bandwdth to the mum uested one by class. Proporton of assgned frames ( P ): the average percentage of assgned frames to class of the total number of frames assgned to all classes. Another mportant metrc s the amount of earned revenue. However, and for lack of space, we do not report such results n ths paper. The servce charge values are used to valdate our scheme and show the effect of opportunty cost on bandwdth provsonng. C. Smulaton Results Table II shows the average utlty of each traffc class wth the correspondng weghts. In general, all classes acheve acceptable performance levels. As t can be seen however, the average utltes of low prorty classes (.e., classes and ) can be ncreased by ncreasng ther weghts. However, ths occurs at the expense of decreasng the average utltes of hgher prorty classes (.e., classes and ). Ths shows the mportant role of class weghts and how they can be used to ensure nter-class farness. In addton, the effect of opportunty cost on bandwdth provsonng can be controlled by controllng H where we let H = Max Re v as shown n Table III. When =, ths means that the servce provder can tolerate a revenue loss as hgh as the mum revenue that could be obtaned. That s, n ths case, the opportunty cost of bandwdth provsonng s gnored. However, as s decreased, then the servce provder can tolerate less revenue loss and, hence, more frames are gven to the hghest revenue generatng classes (.e., hgher prorty classes). When = 0, then the servce provder cannot tolerate any revenue loss and, hence, only the classes that make the mum revenue (.e., Max Rev n Eq..) whch are classes and are assgned frames. Therefore, the servce provder can choose the level at whch t can tolerate revenue loss as a result of bandwdth provsonng by controllng and hence, controllng H. These results are also confrmed n Tables IV and V whch show the proporton of assgned frames for each class for dfferent class weghts and values. These results show that the proposed dynamc provsonng scheme can satsfy the bandwdth urements of dfferent classes of traffc whle allowng the servce provder to bound the cost of allocatng bandwdth to dfferent classes. Results also show that by controllng the class weghts, the servce provder can acheve ts desred levels n nter-class farness. V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WOR Future broadband wreless systems wll enhance the moble connectons wreless experence by supportng a wde range of multmeda applcatons. However, to satsfy the bandwdth urements of such applcatons, bandwdth provsonng s crtcal. In ths paper, a novel bandwdth provsonng scheme for broadband wreless network s proposed. The proposed scheme allows for prortzed bandwdth provsonng to dfferent classes of traffc supportng multple connectons wth dfferent bandwdth urements. It also ncorporates a unque opportunty cost functon to bound the cost of allocatng bandwdth to dfferent classes as to mantan a certan revenue level to the servce provder. Smulaton results show that the proposed dynamc provsonng scheme can satsfy the bandwdth urements of dfferent classes of traffc whle 0
5 Ths full text paper was peer revewed at the drecton of IEEE Communcatons Socety subject matter experts for publcaton n the ICC 008 proceedngs. allowng the servce provder to bound the cost of allocatng bandwdth to dfferent classes. Fxed class weghts allow the servce provder to control nter-class farness as demonstrated n our experments. They however, cannot acheve optmzed farness snce the performance of each class s not fxed due to the varyng bandwdth urements and channel qualty condtons. Therefore, n our future work, we wll work on a dynamc weght update scheme to dynamcally compute the weghts of dfferent classes of traffc based on ther performance hstory n order to mze nter-class farness. Ths way, the resultng farness s more adaptve to the performance of classes snce t s based on ther performance hstory. REFERENCES [] GPP TS 5.08, Hgh Speed Downlnk Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall Descrpton, Release 5, March 00. [] IEEE 80.6 Workng Group, IEEE e Standard for Local and Metropoltan Area Networks: Ar nterface for fxed broadband wreless access systems amendment for physcal and medum access control layers for combned fxed and moble operaton n lcensed bands. December 005. [] C. Chou and. G. Shn, Analyss of Combned Adaptve Bandwdth Allocaton and Admsson Control n Wreless Networks, Proceedngs of Annual Jont Conference of the IEEE Computer Socetes (INFOCOM), New York, U.S.A, vol., pp , June 00. [] R. Hutchens and S. Sngh, Bandwdth Reservaton Strateges for Moblty Support of Wreless Connectons wth QoS Guarantees, Proceedngs of the Australasan Computer Scence Conference (ACSC), Melbourne, Australa, vol., pp. 9-8, January 00. [5] M. R. Sherf, I. W. Habb, M. Nagshneh, and P. erman, Adaptve Allocaton of Resources and Call Admsson Control for Wreless ATM Usng Genetc Algorthms, IEEE Journal of Selected Areas n Communcatons, vol. 8,no., pp. 68-8, February 000 [6] N. Nasser, H. Hassanen; Mult-class Bandwdth Allocaton Polcy for G Wreless Networks, Proceedngs of th IEEE Internatonal Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Bonn, Germany, pp. 0-09, October 00. [7] C. Olvera, J. m, and T. Suda, An Adaptve Bandwdth Reservaton Scheme for Hgh Speed Multmeda Wreless Networks, IEEE Journal of Selected Areas n Communcatons, vol. 6, no. 6, pp , August 998. [8] B. rameche and M. Schwartz, Bandwdth Allocaton Strateges n Wde-Band Integrated Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas n Communcatons, vol., no.6, pp , September 986. [9] Y. Afek, M. Cohen, E. Hallman and Y. Mansour, Dynamc Bandwdth Allocaton Polces, Proceedngs of the Annual Jont Conference of the IEEE Computer Socetes (INFOCOM), San Francsco, U.S.A, vol., pp , March 996. [0] X. Xu, D. Lang, H. Jang and X. Ln,, Dynamc Bandwdth Allocaton n Fxed BWA Systems, Proceedngs of the Internatonal Conference on Communcaton Technolog (ICCT), Bejng, Chna, vol., pp , Aprl 00. [] A. Duel-Hallen, S. Hu, and H. Hallen, Long-range predcton of fadng sgnals, IEEE Sgnal Processng Magazne, vol. 7, pp. 6 75, May 000. [] R. Vaughan, P. Teal, and R. Rach, Short-term moble channel predcton usng dscrete scatterer propagaton model and subspace sgnal processng algorthms, Proceedngs. of the IEEE Vehcular Technology Conference (VTC), Boston, MA, USA, September 000. [] T. Ekman, Predcton of moble rado channels, modelng and desgn, Ph.D. thess, Uppsala Unversty, Sweden, 00. [] H. Varan, Intermedate Mcroeconomcs: A Modern Approach, 6th edton, W.W. Norton & Company, 00. [5] B. Al-Manthar, N. Nasser and H. Hassanen, Packet Schedulng n.5g Hgh-Speed Downlnk Packet Access Networks: Breadth and Depth, IEEE Network Magazne, vol., no., pp. -6, January 007. TABLE II AVERAGE UTILITIES w w w w U U U U TABLE III AVERAGE UTILITIES WITH DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITY COST VALUES w w w w U U U U w w w w TABLE IV PROPORTION OF ASSIGNED FRAMES P P P P % % 5.%.6% 7 5.%.% 8.7%.8%.% 6.%.% 9.% TABLE V PROPORTION OF ASSIGNED FRAMES WITH DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITY COST VALUES w w w w P P P P 9.% 8.7% 0.%.8% % 6.%.6% 6.% %.5% 0% 0% 0 0
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