UNIT 5 MANAGING COMPUTER NETWORKS LEVEL 3 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES AND LAYOUT

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1 UNIT 5 MANAGING COMPUTER NETWORKS LEVEL 3 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES AND LAYOUT

2 NETWORK TOPOLOGY Network Topology refers to layout of a network and how different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they communicate. Topologies are either physical (the physical layout of devices on a network) or logical (the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next).

3 LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY Bus Topology: In networking a bus is the central cable -- the main wire -- that connects all devices on a local-area network (LAN). It is also called the backbone. This is often used to describe the main network connections composing the Internet. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.

4 LINEAR BUS PROS & CONS Easy to set up and add new devices Reliable network connection Only one main cable is required All nodes have equal status so transmissions have to wait their turn If too many workstations are connected, the system will become very slow and the work rate will not be efficient It can be difficult to locate a problem in the network parts of network are easily cut off.

5 STAR TOPOLOGY Star Topology: In a star network devices are connected to a central computer, called a hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

6 STAR TOPOLOGY PROS & CONS A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology. In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass through each node of the network, till the destination node.

7 RING TOPOLOGY

8 RING TOPOLOGY PROS & CONS No single node should hold up other users as all nodes can use a token as it passes around the ring equal share of bandwidth Easy to set up and manage Cheap to set up No Collisions Slower than a star topology under normal load If the cable fails anywhere in the ring then the whole network will fail If a node fails then the token cannot be passed - the whole network fails The hardest topology to troubleshoot because it can be hard to track down where in the ring the failure has occurred Harder to modify or expand because to add or remove a node you must shut down the network temporarily In order for the nodes to communicate with each other they must all be switched on

9 MESH TOPOLOGY

10 MESH TOPOLOGY PROS & CONS Multiple connections / Multiple routes for data Direct connections to many other devices Loss of a line does not affect communication Alternative lines available Complex management issues Costs expensive number of connections Repeated Information

11 TREE TOPOLOGY

12 TREE TOPOLOGY Advantages of a Tree Topology Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Supported by several hardware and software venders. Easily extendable add new components Disadvantages of a Tree Topology Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used. If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down. More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

13 COMBINED TOPOLOGIES - HYBRID multiple physical topologies are combined to form one large network Each topology has its own strengths and weakness Objective: total strength improves the network performance

14 LAYOUT Although LANs come in many different shapes and sizes, they generally use similar technologies and components. The most common type of LAN is based on Ethernet technology, as originally devised by Digital, Intel and Xerox. This was used as the blueprint for the IEEE s (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) specification, which was released back in Over the years a number of improvements have been made to Ethernet technology.

15 LAYOUT One of the most challenging and disruptive elements of networking is installing the cabled infrastructure. In simple terms, a WAN connection will enter the building on the ground floor. This is then piped to each floor using vertical cabling (also called the backbone wiring). As we have seen, backbones typically use Gigabit Ethernet. On each floor a room (wiring closet) is set aside to distribute the backbone signals via hubs and switches. Fast Ethernet/Ethernet cables from these run from special patch panels into the walls and throughout the entire floor. From here, Ethernet/ Fast Ethernet patch leads are connected from RJ45 wall sockets to individual workstations, servers, shared printers, photocopiers and so on. In this way, each floor operates like a separate star topology, all connected via the same backbone. Wireless technologies can provide multiple wireless access points through an organisation s building but the need for wired infrastructure will typically still exist.

16 TYPES OF NETWORK LAN - Local Area Network. WAN - Wide Area Network. WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network. PAN Personal Area Network SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network.

17 TASK Using the list of network setups Draw each network Provide an example of where it would be used A description of how it works.

18 CONCLUSION Discussed network topologies.. Discussed the functions of network infrastructure. Considered the purpose of network topologies and network layout/design.

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