Scheduling. Multi-processing. Process Characterization. time. ...makes use of idle. COS450-F18-05-Scheduling - October 8, 2018
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1 1 Scheduling Process Management COS Fall 2018 Process Characterization 2 Px - 10µS CPU IO CPU IO CPU IO CPU IO CPU CPU IO CPU IO CPU IO CPU...mix...many of processing of these are and in the idle system time Multi-processing 3 CPU IO CPU IO CPU IO CPU IO CPU CPU CPU IO CPU IO CPU CPU IO CPU...makes use of idle time
2 Multi-processing 4 CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU don t forget Context Switches Scheduling 5 P2 Has 4µS to execute P2-4µS P3 Has 2µS to execute P3-2µS CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU...is planning what to execute next Scheduling 6 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS...what by order Arrival do time? we run them in?
3 First Come First Serve...this is by Arrival time 7 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS 17µS Total Time How do we evaluate a scheduler? Evaluation Criteria 8 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS CPU Utilization?100% Throughput? 5/17µS No other arrangement would be different Turnaround Time...time from ready to done 9 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS average of 9.6µS 3µS 7µS Turnaround Time; 9µS how long does 12µS it take a task to complete 17µS
4 Waiting Time...time spent ready and not running 10 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS average of 6.2µS 0µS 3µS Waiting Time; 7µS how long waiting to 9µS execute12µs Response Time...time from ready to first running 11 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS Response Time; how long from ready until first response. Easier to view as time between CPU bursts... more on this later. First Come First Serve...evaluated 12 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS Criteria FCFS CPU Utilization 100% Can Throughput we 5/17 do Waiting better? Time 6.2 Turnaround Time 9.6 Response Time n/a
5 Shortest Job First...run the job with the least to do 13 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS Shortest Job First...run the job with the least to do 14 P1-3µS P2-4µS P3-2µS P4-3µS Criteria SJF SJFCFS P3-2µS P1-3µS P4-3µS P2-4µS CPU Utilization 100% 100% 100% Throughput 5/17 5/17 5/17 Turnaround Time Waiting Time Response Time n/a n/a n/a Optimal Solution 15 Shortest Job First is the Optimal scheduling algorithm....the problem is we never know how long a burst is.
6 16 CPU bursts are typically short 17 we can estimate from history Starvation 18 SJF also can cause starvation of large jobs No image suitable for class
7 What about priority? 19 P1-3µS, p=3 P2-4µS, p=4 P3-2µS, p=2 P4-3µS, p=3, p=5...sjf is a special case of priority scheduling priority = length & age 20 P1-3µS, p=3 P2-4µS, p=4 P3-2µS, p=2 P4-3µS, p=1, p=2...adjust priority to reflect a burst s age P4-3µS, p=1 Evaluation Criteria P3-2µS, p=2, p=2 P1-3µS, p=3 P2-4µS, p=4 21 Criteria SJF FCFS Priorit y CPU Utilization 100% 100% 100% Throughput 5/17 5/17 5/17 Turnaround Time Waiting Time Response Time n/a n/a n/a
8 When must we make a scheduling decision? 22 When a process goes from running to waiting When a process terminates When can we make a scheduling decision? (preemptive) 23 When a process goes from waiting to ready When a process goes from running to ready Round Robin Scheduling 24 Take advantage of preemptive capabilities the timer is our friend
9 Time Quantum 25 P1 P1 - P1 3µS P1 P2 P2 P2-4µSP2 P2 P3 P3-2µSP3 P4 P4 - P4 3µS P4 P5 P5 P5 - P5µS P5 P5...break bursts into smaller chunks and give them all a short turn P1 P1 P1 P2 P2 P2 P2 P3 P3 P4 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P5 P5 treat ready queue as a circular list 27 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5...execute all jobs
10 Evaluation Criteria 28 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P1 P2 P4 P5 P2 P5 P Criteria SJF FCF Priorit RR q=1 S y CPU Utilization 100% 100% 100% 100% Throughput 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/17 Turnaround Time Waiting Time Response Time n/a n/a ~13.6 n/a 2.51 Quantum Size 29 smaller quantum......more context switches Evaluation Criteria 30 P1 P1 P2 P2 P3 P3 P4 P4 P5 P5 P1 P2 P2 P4 P5 P5 P Criteria SJF FCF Priorit RR RR S y q=1 q=2 CPU Utilization 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Throughput 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/17 Turnaround Time Waiting Time Response Time n/a n/a ~13.6 n/a
11 Multi-level Scheduling 31 exhaust all high priority jobs before lower priority 32 Multilevel w/feedback Multiple Processors 33 asymmetric symmetric processor affinity scheduling is more involved
12 34 Asymmetric 35 Symmetric 36 Processor Affinity cache register set
13 37 Real-Time Systems hard real-time required to complete critical task guaranteed soft real-time critical tasks get priority 38 Thread Scheduling 39 Evaluation Methods Deterministic - predetermined workload Queuing Model - purely mathematical Simulation - write code to simulate Implementation - try it!
14 Solaris 40 Three classes of schedulers real-time kernel interactive Windows XP 41 Several classes based on priority Linux 42 time-sharing prioritized credit based real-time (soft) priority FCFS and RR
15 Questions (5.1) 43 Why is it important to distinguish I/O-bound processes from CPU-bound processes? Questions (5.2) 44 How and when do these conflict? CPU Utilization & Response time I/O Utilization & CPU Utilization Questions (5.3) 45 Which of these could result in starvation? FCFS SJF RR Priority
16 Questions (5.6) 46 Consider RR-variant where ready queue contains pointers to PCBs. What would be the effect of two pointers to the same process? Could we alter basic RR to do this w/o pointers? 47 Scheduling End of Section
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