STM. Computing. Specifica on Topics. High Level Skills you should think about to take your work to the next level:

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1 Specifica on Topics High Level Skills you should think about to take your work to the next level: Discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the different topology types Describing the key fields in each of the headers Explaining Wi Fi and Ethernet in terms of Network Performance Explaining Packet switching by making reference to specific header fields Learn about the layers from top down Applica on > Transport > Internet > Network Access Armadillos Take In New Ants Learn the fields in the TCP header and use them to explain packet switching

2 Topologies Star Topology Always remember to Mesh Topology Star is typically for a LAN add the labels to any of your topology diagrams There is a fully connected, and a par ally Mesh is typically for a WAN Add a printer, an Internet connec on, and a server, not just worksta ons connected mesh topology you will need to learn both Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Reliable: Easy to add new nodes Reliable: Easy to set up and maintain Cost: More equipment and cabling means it costs more money Resilient: It has several links, if one fails, there is always another route Cost: Becomes expensive due to the amount of equipment and cabling Resilient: If a cable fails the network can s ll remain opera onal Resilience: If the central hub fails, the en re network fails Secure: Messages travel over single link Reliable: Easy to troubleshoot Reliability: Difficult to install Secure: central hub acts as a gateway Cost: Very cheap when wireless Reliable: Performance not affected by load

3 Packets & Protocols Packets Protocols 1) Data is sent across networks a long string of 1s and 0s 2) Some mes there are just too many 1s and 0s for the data to be sent reliably, so the data is broken down into smaller segments Data Standard sets of rules that tell us how compu ng devices should communicate Common Applica on Protocols Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 4) To ensure that the data gets to the correct loca on, informa on is placed in a header, and a ached to each of the data segments Header Segment 1 Header Segment 2 Protocol Name What it is used for HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Sending Web Pages across Protocol the internet App. used Web Browser 5) The header, along with the data segment, is known as a Packet HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (Secure) Sending Web Pages across the internet Securely Web Browser The Header The header contains key bits of informa on that allows data to be sent reliably from one loca on to another. Informa on such as: What applica on will be needed to run the data FTP IMAP File Transfer Protocol Internet Message Access Protocol Sending Files Across the Internet Retrieve s from the Server File Client Client How the data has been broken up, and in what order it needs to be put back together POP Post Office Protocol Retrieve s & delete them on the server Client The addresses of the sender and the receiver How will the packet be transmi ed wired or wireless SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Sends s Client

4 Wi Fi Wireless Communica on Channels and Comparisons In wireless communica on, binary data is converted into radio waves. Peaks represen ng 1s and troughs represen ng 0s. The signal strength is represented by the amplitude Frequency The frequency is how many waves pass through in one second. The higher the frequency, the more waves. Each wave represents a single 1 or 0. this means that the higher the frequency, the more data can be carried. There are two frequency ranges 2.4GHz & 5 GHz Channels Channels, just like on TV, can be used to transmit individual streams of data. Wireless channels are considered to be half duplex, and so only one person can transmit over a single channel. If the channel frequencies overlap, they interfere with the other channels. The informa on in the next box tells you more. Half Duplex Imagine that you have two people who want to communicate. With Half Duplex, only one person can take at any given me. So if person A wants to speak, person B cannot Bandwidth The bandwidth in Wi Fi refers to the intervals between channels. In the 2.4GHz standard, a bandwidth of 22 MHz is used. You can have a higher bandwidth, thus allowing you to transfer more data, but this means that you will have fewer channels in that frequency range

5 Ethernet Wired Communica on The official name for Ethernet is the Protocol, and it covers all forms of wired connec on between two compu ng devices: Coaxial Cable, Twisted Pair Copper Cable, and Fibre Op c Cable. Data Transmission Simplex This is where data can only be sent in one direc on. Image you are watching TV The signal is sent from the broadcas ng company you do not send a signal back to them Full Duplex Imagine that you have two people who want to communicate. With Full Duplex, anyone can speak, whenever they want imagine a room full of people, all having their own conversa ons you can listen to any one that you wish CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Mul ple Access Collision Detec on. The device that wants to transmit listens to see if anyone else is transmi ng. If the line is clear then they send, otherwise, they wait un l the line is free. Ethernet & Wi Fi Header Informa on CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Mul ple Access Collision Avoidance. The device that wants to transmit asks a controller (WAP) if it is OK to send data. If the controller give the go ahead, the device transmits, otherwise it waits and then asks again Ethernet supports simplex, half duplex, and full duplex communica on. Because data can be transmi ed in both direc ons down a cable at the same me, there is the chance that the traffic will meet in the middle and collide. Collisions Looking at copper cabling data is transmi ed using electric signals. When two signal meet each other, they distort causing interference this is known as a collision. Wired and wireless communica on handles collisions in two different ways. Wired uses CSMA/CD and Wireless uses CSMA/CA. The boxes overleaf explain the process.

6 Addressing MAC Address MAC Address A Media Access Control (MAC) Address is a 48 bit hexadecimal sequence that is used to iden fy the specific devices on a network. The address is physically burnt into the chips on the Network Interface Card (NIC) or Wireless Interface Card (WIC). Every device on the network must have a unique MAC address. Spli ng the Address 3A : 34 : 52 : C4 : 69 : B8 An Internet Protocol (IP) Address is a 32 bit denary sequence, that is split into four octets. If we divide 32 by 4, we get 8 this means that each octet is represented as an 8 bit binary number hence an octet is a number that ranges from Spli ng the Address Vendor ID Unique Device ID Network Address Device Address I.e. Apple or Samsung I.e. NIC or WIC Uses in Networking The MAC address is used by the (Ethernet) and (Wi Fi) protocols so that when packets arrive inside a LAN, they can be sent to the specific devices. In order to send the packet to the correct device, a network switch is used. The switch has a table that contains a list of all devices connected to it. If Device A is connected to Port 3 on the switch, the switch notes down the MAC address of device A, and stores it next to port 3. That way, when a packet comes into the switch, it checks the list for the MAC address and knows which port to send the packet through. Similar to a MAC address, there is a Network por on of the address and a Device por on. As the Device por on only uses one octet, it means that there can only be 256 addresses in the network. Subnets Subnets are where you divide larger networks into smaller ones, for example when you are crea ng Virtual Networks. Uses in Networking IP Addresses are used by routers to send packets to the right networks. They are the main feature of the IP header.

7 Layers MAC Address Applica on Layer Layers are a conceptual model in Networking, that allow us to visualise the different protocols, and to characterise their behaviour. Layers also allow manufacturers to produce equipment that can be standardised, making it universal. I.e. a company can purchase a router from China to replace a broken router from the USA. As both devices operate on the same layer, they both understand the same protocols, therefore they can both communicate in the same way. TCP/IP 4 Layer Model Protocols in this layer tell the device what applica on should be used in order to process the data. Common Protocols include: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, IMAP, POP, SMTP. An example would be that if the HTTP protocol header was a ached, the end device would know to process the data as a web page, and would use a browser to open it Transport Layer TCP is the main protocol used here, and it guarantees end to end delivery. It is responsible for giving each data segment a sequence number so that it can be pieced back in the correct order. It also tracks to make sure that all of the packets reach their final des na on. Internet Layer IP is the only protocol used in this layer. It uses an IP address to direct traffic between networks. Network Access Layer Ethernet & Wi Fi are the two main protocols used in this layer. They use the MAC address to direct packets to specific computers. Method of Communica on Encapsula on Computer A has data, such as a web page, that it wants to send to computer B. It knows that Computer B will need to run it so it a aches an applica on layer header to the data segment. It then a aches a TCP header followed by an IP header. It wants t o send it via a twisted pair copper cable, so it a aches an Ethernet header. The headers of the packet are stripped away un l the device finally has the data. Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Data Segment 1

8 Packet Switching Packet Switching Principles 1) Larger blocks of data are broken down into packets 3 Way Handshake This is used to establish a connec on between two devices 2) Each packet is given a sequence number 3) Packets can be sent out of a network and take any route that gets them to their des na on 4) When packets are received at the des na on, they are put back into the correct order Advantages of Packet Switching More secure as there is no dedicated link More efficient as no one device becomes overloaded with network traffic TCP Header Responsible for Packet Switching Packet Switching Diagram

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